A

PAPER ON ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

SUBJECT:

AUTOMOBILE A/C BY UTILISING WASTE HEAT & GASES

PRESENTED BY:

B. Santhosh Kumar, email: [email protected], Cell: 8807633226 R. Muthu Krishnan, email: [email protected], Cell: 8122705551
Dept.: Mechanical Engineering, (3rd year).

INSTITUTION NAME:
THANTHAI PERIYAR GOVT. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, VELLORE.

1. ABSTRACT

It is an established fact that only about 30% of heat supplied by the fuel is converted into useful work, in case of internal combustion (I.C) engines and the rest is going waste to the atmosphere in the form of coolant losses (35%) and exhaust gas losses (35%). The conventional air conditioning system which most of the A/C vehicles use is the Vapour Compression Refrigeration System, in which the compressor needs mechanical work (i.e) Higher-grade energy is then taken directly from the engine crankshaft. Thus it ultimately reduces the brake power (B.P.) available and increasing brake specific fuel consumption. The vapour absorption refrigeration system utilizes the waste heat as it does not involve any compressor and hence not require great mechanical work instead of that it works directly on the heat energy (i.e) low grade energy. Thus by making proper use of lost heat (about 6070% of total heat). The conventional air conditioning can be replaced with this system and the same effect can be experienced. The common vapour absorption refrigeration systems, which are in practice, are 1. Aqua Ammonia system 2. Lithium Bromide water system

2. EXISTING AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

The use of air conditioner for transport purpose may be a luxury in India, but it is commonly used in foreign countries. In comparison to domestic air-conditioning, a very large amount of air-conditioning capacity is required for a car. This is due to metal construction of the car, the flow of air around moving car and relatively large glass area in the passenger compartment. Typically, a car A/C system capacity may be between 1 to 4 tons. The system works on Vapour Compression Refrigeration System (VCRS) and the compressor consumes large amount of engine brake power (1 to 10 h.p.) as it is directly driven by the engine. This affects the fuel economy severely. A loss in economy level of the order of 1 to 1.5 km/liter can occur due to the use A/C. Maximum power is required when the car is running at maximum speed under high ambient temperature conditions. Apart far from this VCRS has got certain drawbacks, which limits its extensive use among common car owners.

The following image represents the existing Air-conditioning system in automobiles.

DRAWBACKS 1. High initial cost. 2. High operating cost, since fuel economy is affected, high maintenance cost, costly refrigerant. 3. CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbon) generated during the refrigeration process, causes great damage to the ozone layer. 4. If the cars reserve power is less, it can affect its acceleration. 5. Overloading and overheating of the engine takes place.

3. THE AUTOMOBILE ENGINE

The prime mover of the automobile (I.C. engine) is a heat engine, which can convert only a fraction of the total heat of fuel into the useful work. 20 to30 % for SI engines 30 to 36% for CI engines

The remaining heat is lost to the atmosphere through the coolant and exhaust. Heat balance is given in the below table: % OF FUEL ENERGY S.I. To power To coolant To exhaust Radiation 26 30 32 12 C.I. 31 26 30 13

Thus we have about 60% of heat which is going waste. So, with such a small efficiency of the heat engine. Obviously it is not worthwhile for a common man to install such an A/C in his car.

4. AN ALTERNATIVE TO THIS SYTEM

The concept is to use this otherwise going waste heat, for air-conditioning with the aid of Vapour Absorption System (VARS) which does not affect the engine power. It need no maintenance and is environment friendly. VARS is a heat operated refrigeration machine in which the compressor is replaced by the combination of absorber and generator. A solution known as the absorbent (e.g. water in case of Aqua-ammonia system) which has an affinity for the refrigerant used (i.e. ammonia) is circulated between the absorber and the generator by a pump (solution pump). In this system, the low pressure ammonia vapour leaving the evaporator, enters the absorber where it is absorbed by the low temperature water in the absorber. The water has the ability to absorb very large quantity of ammonia vapour and the solution thus formed, is known as Aquaammonia. The absorption of ammonia vapour lowers the pressure in the absorber, which in turn draws more ammonia vapour from the evaporator and thus raises the temperature of solution. Some form of cooling arrangement (usually water-cooling) is employed in the absorber to remove the heat of solution evolved there. This is necessary in order to increase the absorption capacity of water. The solution pump pumps the strong solution thus formed in the absorber to the generator. The pump increases the pressure of the solution upto 10bar. The strong solution of ammonia in generator is heated by heat of coolant and the exhaust gases, which are wasted in atmosphere without any use and the heat, wasted in cooling of engine. During the heating process, the ammonia vapour is driven of the solution at high pressure leaving behind the hot weak ammonia solution in the generator. The weak ammonia solution flows back to the absorber at low pressure after passing through the reducing valve. But then also the ammonia vapour contains some particles of water. If these unwanted water particles are not removed before

entering into the condenser, they will enter into the expansion valve where they freeze and choke the pipeline. In order to remove these unwanted particles flowing to the condenser, an analyzer is used. The analyzer may be built as an integral part of the generator or made as a separate piece of equipment. It consists of a series trays mounted above the generator. The strong solution from the absorber and the aqua from the rectifier are introduced at the top of analyzer and flow downward over the trays and into the generator. In this way, considerable liquid surface area is exposed to the vapour rising from the generator. The vapour is cooled and most of the water vapour condenses. So, that mainly ammonia vapour, leaves the top of the analyzer. Since the aqua is heated by the vapour, less the generator is condensed in the condenser to high-pressure liquid ammonia. This liquid ammonia is passed to the expansion valve through a receiver and then to the evaporator. This evaporator is made up of number of tubes, which is installed in the cabin of automobile. The function of compressor is performed by the absorbent in the absorber, and the generator performs the function of compression and discharge. The complete system is schematically represented below

5. OPERATING THE SYSTEM

As we know that VARS is a heat operated refrigerating machine in which heat is supplied to the generator. So this required heat we will supply from the waste heat (coolant loss and exhaust) which is our center of focus. So we have to distribute the exhaust gases and the coolant to all the system whenever necessary to satisfy the cold and hot air conditioning and flexibility of operation in various possible mode.

For this, there are two types of circuits. 1) Coolant circuit 2) Exhaust circuit 1. Coolant Circuit: In vapour absorption refrigeration system, there is necessity of cooling of absorber and condenser, which is achieved by water-cooling. The water is supplied to this system by radiator and heat gained by the cooling water from the engine is utilized in generator and heater. 2 . Exhaust Circuit: We are using the waste exhaust gas heat to the generator and heater and then the exhaust gas is exhausted to atmosphere. Distribution of the gas to the generator, heater and the atmosphere is maintained by exhaust circuit whenever necessary. The exhaust gas be either fed to the heater during winter or the generator during the summer or bypassed to the atmosphere.

6. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

The outside air flows through the damper and mixes up with the recirculated air (which is obtained from the conditioned space.) The mixed air passes through a filter to remove dirt, dust and other impurities. In summer air conditioning, the cooling coil operates to cool the air to the desired value. The dehumidification is obtained by operating the cooling coil at a temp lower than the dew point temperature (apparatus dew point). In winter the cooling coil is made in operative and the heating coil operates to heat the air.

7. INSTALLATION
For the design of the complete system the requirements are: 1) Engine manual (supplied by the manufacture) containing all details about the engine performance and characteristics, especially cooling and exhaust. 2) Determining the cooling capacity required for a particular vehicle in a particular region, considering the year round meteorological conditions the various parameters of the air conditioner can be defined.

The year round airconditioning can be achieved by the system which is required in the cities like New Delhi where it is too cold in winter and quit hot in summer. Thus by knowing the amount of waste heat available (usable) and the cooling capacity, various component of the system can be designed. To get rough idea, let us see the heat available (usable) and the cooling capacity, various components capacity required for a car as 2TR lets find the heat requirement for a certain aqua ammonia system.

8. Case Study of SI Engine

4-Stroke, 6-cylinder (7.5 cm bore and 9-stroke) Rpm=3300 Fuel consumption c.v. Jacket water flow rate Q Temperature rise Ventilate air blown up Enters at 10/C and leaves at 65/C (Engine in insulated box) B.P. Heat input = 42.55 kW (100%) = 0.3 * 42000 = 12600 KJ/min i. Heat equivalent to B.P. = 42.55 * 60 = 2553 KJ/min ii. Heat in cooling water = (65*4.1868*12) = 3266 KJ/min (25.9%) iii. Heat in ventilating air = 14*1.055*55
10

= 0.3 kg/min =42000 kJ/min = 65 kg/min = 12/C = 14 kg/min

=774 KJ/min. (6.14%) iv. Heat to exhaust and Other losses So heat available for VARS = 6007 KJ/min (47.66%) = Heat in cooling water + Heat in exhaust = 3266 + 6007 = 9273 KJ/min. (73.59%) Let us assume that the effectiveness of heat exchangers be 0.7 Net heat available = 6491.1 kJ/min

9. Case Study Of An Aqua- Ammonia System

Now a case study of aqua-ammonia system is asIn an aqua ammonia vapour absorption system the following data is available: Temperature of weak solution in generator Temperature of strong solution admitted to generator Temperature of condenser = Temperature of absorber Temperature rise in evaporator Analysis for 2 tonne refrigeration capacity: Heat required = 885 kJ/min. (considering all the factors) =100degr.C =80 degr. C =40 degr.C =10 degr.C

11

IT IS VIABLE:
Thus we see that a large amount of heat is available and our requirement is lesser. The system here described is simple basic. It can be further improved and made sophisticated by using various control systems and relays. Apart from the new design of vehicles installing (VARS), the existing vehicles can also be equipped with this system and by studying the make of particular a proper placed can be found out for erecting the system and tracing various circuits. By studying the manual of the particular vehicle, an appropriate place can be found out for the erection of the system for existing vehicles and for newer design, it is to be already taken into consideration. The condenser, expander, absorber and evaporator should be kept away from the engine as possible because the engine evolves at high temp. The conditioned air supply and distribution system remains the same as in the existing A/C vehicles.

12

10. ADVANTAGES OF VARS OVER VCRS

1) No moving parts so, quiet in operation, subjected to little wear, low maintenance cost. The pump required quite small power in comparison with compressor. 2) Large capacity. 3) Excellent part load efficiency and almost constant c.o.p. of the system over a wide range of load. 4) Automatic capacity control is easy. 5) Smaller space per unit capacity. 6) No harm to the ozone layer. 7) Inexpensive refrigerant. 8) Leakage can be easily detected in case of aqua-ammonia system. 9) It can reduce the rate of global warming of atmosphere.

13

CONCLUSION

Thus we have seen that the VARS is efficient in every respect, and can be successfully implemented with better designs and sophistication. Now it is the task of the upcoming engineers to overcome the hurdles in the way if any and make our countrys people enjoy the comfort and luxury of A/C and fuel will also be saved to a greater extent which would have been consumed in excess by the (VCRS) air conditioner. And also, the environment is kept healthy and pollution-free.

14

REFERENCES

Refrigeration and air conditioning C.P. Arora A course in Refrigeration and Air-conditioning- S.C.Arora, S.Domkundwar Thermodynamics and Heat Engines- R.Yadav A course in Internal Combustion Engines M.L. Mathur, R.P. Sharma Automobile Engineering R.B. Gupta A Text Book of Refrigeration And Air Conditioning R.S. Khurmi & S.K. Gupta Wikipedia

15