ProfPathakProblems - Modeling of Transformer Internal Faults
ProfPathakProblems - Modeling of Transformer Internal Faults
ProfPathakProblems - Modeling of Transformer Internal Faults
Radial
Loop
Network
Figure 1.1 Types of distribution systems 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT Electric power is distributed to end consumers through a network of electric conductors and cables. This network is called power distribution network. The electrical power distribution layout can be classified as urban and rural distribution system. According to type of situation that confronts the planner in laying out the distribution system the urban distribution, system presents many challenges to the planner. The urban distribution system has loop-based layout as it requires much higher reliability to be inbuilt in the design itself. The aim of this project is to plan a loop type distribution feeder for a given urban area in such a way to attain lowest capital cost, lowest electrical losses, and lowest loss of revenue due to breakdown (highest reliability). Technical constraints taken are voltage drop, economic capacities of conductors, maximum line loading. Physical constraints are obstacles, high cost passages. For easy modeling it is preferred that the layout is constrained by a grid. In practice, the grid can be taken from the Geographical Information System (GIS). The input for this model is substation location, load location & magnitude, unit length of GIS grid, energy costs, costs of losses, initial cost of conductors, resistance and reactance/km of conductor set. The outputs are following: Optimal route of feeder reaching every load location. Optimal power flow through each segment of feeder. Optimal conductor selection in each segment of feeder.
Problem: 3 : Analysis
An Atom-Emission spectrometer is used to identify the various elements present in a metallic sample. The metallic sample is placed on a support so that it is exposed to a heat source generated by igniting an electrode as shown in the figure. Sample Lens Entrance Slit
Concave Grating
Electrode
Due to this heat, there will be micro-melting of the sample and an optical signal is generated which is a combination of signals of various frequencies, ranging from 160nm to 410nm depending on elements present in the sample. This optical signal is projected on a holographic diffraction grating through an entrance slit. This diffraction element splits the composite light source into spectral components. Then a transducer is used to convert the optical information to an electrical signal, which is captured in the analogue form, as shown in the figure 2, whose resolution depends on the pixel configuration of the CCD used in the system.
Figure 2 The system under consideration has 3648 linearly placed sensors with a pitch of 8 micrometers. The various peaks observed in a signal are then compared with the known responses of the standard samples having known composition of elements and the given sample is analyzed. The interpretation depends on how accurately these peaks are identified. It is possible that the actual peak or height of the line information is not the same as the maximum peak observed by the CCD as shown in the following figure 4.
Figure 3
Figure 4
The actual peak is missed out due to the peak falling on the gap between two pixels. There may be other reasons due to which the peak line information is not obtained correctly. In the proposed project this hidden information is to be obtained, using Mathematical Techniques.