Load Flow Analysis

Semester 4 Load Flow Analysis
University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

B.Sc. Engineering Degree Course
Semester 4
EE2034 – Power Systems I
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
LEARNING OUTCOME/S
LO5: Evaluate steady state system performance using power flow analysis
Marks Allocation: 30 marks for Part A and 40 marks for Part B.
OBJECTIVES
1. To familiarize with the major components of typical power systems and universally
accepted symbols used to identify such components.
2. To understand why and how complex three phase systems are represented by single-
line diagrams.
3. To Observe/discuss the operation of power systems with varying configurations by

interpreting the measurements made at different locations in the power system.
4. To do the power flow analysis by simulating the system in a power system simulation
and compare the output with the measured data.
APPARATUS
UoM Real life power system

Power System Simulation Software
LCR-740 meter
BACKGROUND
The Power System Simulator is a model that has been built up using actual electrical
components such as synchronous generator, transformer, transmission line models and 11 kV
vacuum circuit breaker panels with electromechanical and numerical protection relays.
The power system simulator, an analogous model in voltage scaled down version of the actual
system is expected to fulfill the requirement providing practical exposure to the students.
Department of Electrical Engineering – UOM Page 1 of 8

At the end of the practical, the student will gain a vivid picture of each aspect of a power system
including generation, transmission, distribution and metering essential for a safe and reliable
operating system.
THEORY
System Modeling
a) Synchronous Generator
Large-scale power is generated by three-phase synchronous generators driven by steam

turbines, hydro turbines, or gas turbines. Depending on the rotor's construction, synchronous
generators can be divided into two as cylindrical rotor generator and salient pole rotor
generator.
• Cylindrical Rotor Generator (Round Rotor)

These types of generators are driven by high-speed prime movers such as steam turbines
and gas turbines. These generators' rotors have a large axial length and small diameter
to limit the centrifugal forces.
• Salient Pole Rotor Generator

These types of generators are driven by low-speed prime movers such as hydro turbines.
The rotor of these generators has a short axial length and a large diameter.
Though in actual power systems, turbines are used as prime movers for generators in our power
system simulator model we are using an induction motor as the prime mover. To control the
speed of the motor VSD is used.
Generator Excitation
Exciting a generator means supplying DC current to the rotor DC winding. The following
methods can be used to provide excitation.
• Separate excitation
• Brushless excitation
• Shaft end DC generator type excitation

b) Substation
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.

Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several
substations at different voltage levels. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the
reverse depending on the transmission and distribution. In a transmission substation voltage
will be stepped-up to avoid the losses during the transmission. In a distribution substation
voltage will be stepped down. Apart from step-up and step-down transformers various
equipment for safety purposes are established in the substations.
In this practical the generating voltage will be stepped down using a step-down transformer for
safety purposes. During the practical step–up and step-down transformers will provide the
purposes of the substation. Please note that the safety equipment used in a substation are not
used in the power system simulator model.
c) Transmission Lines & Line Models
The purpose of using transmission lines is to transfer electric energy from generating units to
the distribution system. The electrical behavior of a transmission line under normal operating
conditions is characterized by four electrical parameters. They are,
• Line resistance (series), R

• Line inductance (Series), L
• Line conductance (Shunt), G
• Line capacitance (Shunt), C
Overhead lines are used for transmission.
Transmission lines can be studied under the following three models and the transmission lines
can be represented as a two-port network with the ABCD parameters.
• Short line model

• Medium line model
• Long line model

Short Line Model

Capacitance may often be ignored without much error if the lines are less than about 80 km
long. The short line model is obtained by multiplying the series impedance per unit length by
the line length.
Figure 1: Short Line Model

Medium Line Model
Lines above 80 km and below 250 km in length are termed as medium length lines. As the
length of the line increases, the line charging current becomes appreciable and the shunt
capacitance must be considered.
Figure 2: Nominal π Model for Medium Length Line

Long Line Model
Lines of length 250 km and longer are considered as long lines. When modeling a long line
model for a more accurate solution the exact effect of the distributed parameters must be
considered.

Figure 3: Equivalent π Model for Long Length Line

For practical reasons we are using π network over T network for transmission line models.
d) Loads & Load Models
The loads of a power system are divided into industrial, commercial, and residential. The
industrial loads are composite loads and induction motors contribute to a high proportion of
these loads. These composite loads are functions of voltage and frequency and perform a major
part of the system load. Commercial and residential loads consist of lighting, heating, and
cooling. These loads are independent of frequency and consume negligibly small reactive
power.
Load models can be categorized into two sections as static and dynamic models.
i. Static load models

Static models express the active and reactive power at any instant of time as functions of bus
voltage magnitudes and frequency. These models can be used to represent static loads e.g.,
resistive loads, and as an approximation for dynamic loads, e.g., induction motors.
ii. Dynamic load models

Studies in voltage stability require the use of dynamic load models for accurate representation.
Dynamic models express the active and reactive powers as a function of voltage and time.
e) Power Flow Analysis
Power flow studies, commonly referred to as load flow studies, are the backbone of power
system analysis and design. They are necessary for planning, operation, economic scheduling,
and exchange of power between utilities. Apart from these analyses such as transient stability
analyses and contingency analyses require a power flow analysis. In a power flow analysis,

the magnitude and phase angle of voltages at each bus and active and reactive power in each
line should be determined.
In solving a power flow problem, the system is assumed to be operating under balanced
conditions and a single-phase model is used. Four quantities are associated with each bus. They
are voltage magnitude |V|, phase angle δ, real power P and reactive power Q.
The following three methods are used to obtain power flow solutions.
i. Gauss-Seidel power flow solution

ii. Newton-Raphson power flow solution
iii. Fast decoupled power flow solution
DATA
Load Data:
Generator reactance:
Transmission line data
Transmission line 01 (Per phase): R L C
Transmission line 02 (Per phase): R L C
PROCEDURE
Part A – Pre-Lab Preparation
This section must be completed prior to Part B.
Answer the following questions.
1. Name the major components of a power system

2. What kind of organizations define the symbols for power system components and
abbreviations for measured power system quantities?
3. Name the power system quantities that define the power flow in a power system?
4. What is a single-line diagram?
5. At what points in the power system earth connections are provided?

Part B
a) General Acquaintance and Information Collection
From the name plate details and through general observations collect the following
information on the major components of the UoM real-life power system. By using the
following information draw the single line diagram.
i. Generator and prime mover

Type of generator whether salient pole or cylindrical rotor, Type of prime
movers, their max power outputs, maximum Mvar, minimum Mvar, Sub-
transient, transient and synchronous reactance of the generator, generator
earthing.
ii. Transformers – Generation & Distribution

Capacity, no of phases, Transformation ratio, Vector group, Impedance, Taps,
Earthing
iii. Current transformers: Ratio, Class, Rating
iv. Circuit breakers (one panel only): Type, no of phases, breaking capacity,
Making capacity
b) Load Flow
You should take the meter reading at the following points for the three scenarios given
below.
i. With all the lines and loads in service, run the generator, and note down the
readings on each meter.
ii. Change the loads to increase the reactive load component and note the readings.
iii. Switch off two transmission lines and note the meter readings.

c) Simulation
Simulate the UoM real life power system using a power system software.
CALCULATIONS
1. Convert all the impedance values to a common base of 100kVA and tabulate all
such values along with the impedance values given on the name plate.
2. Calculate the efficiency of each transmission line.
DISCUSSION
Provide short answers to the following questions.

1. What is the significance of expressing impedances of transformers and generators
as per unit or percentage values?
2. Why is it important to simulate power systems before implementing changes or
upgrades?
3. List the advantages of vacuum circuit breakers.

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Semester 4 Load Flow Analysis

University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

Marks Allocation: 30 marks for Part A and 40 marks for Part B.

3. To Observe/discuss the operation of power systems with varying configurations by

UoM Real life power system

Department of Electrical Engineering – UOM Page 1 of 8

Large-scale power is generated by three-phase synchronous generators driven by steam

• Cylindrical Rotor Generator (Round Rotor)

• Salient Pole Rotor Generator

Department of Electrical Engineering – UOM Page 2 of 8

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.

c) Transmission Lines & Line Models

• Line resistance (series), R

Overhead lines are used for transmission.

• Short line model

Department of Electrical Engineering – UOM Page 3 of 8

Short Line Model

Figure 1: Short Line Model

Figure 2: Nominal π Model for Medium Length Line

Department of Electrical Engineering – UOM Page 4 of 8

Figure 3: Equivalent π Model for Long Length Line

d) Loads & Load Models

i. Static load models

ii. Dynamic load models

e) Power Flow Analysis

Department of Electrical Engineering – UOM Page 5 of 8

i. Gauss-Seidel power flow solution

Part A – Pre-Lab Preparation

This section must be completed prior to Part B.

Answer the following questions.

1. Name the major components of a power system

Department of Electrical Engineering – UOM Page 6 of 8

a) General Acquaintance and Information Collection

i. Generator and prime mover

ii. Transformers – Generation & Distribution

Department of Electrical Engineering – UOM Page 7 of 8

Provide short answers to the following questions.

Department of Electrical Engineering – UOM Page 8 of 8

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