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Effects on brain
Opioid
Opioid
48.3
Opioid
6.6
1998
9.7
15.3
Other than ingesting pills, people who abuse opioids may seek to intensify the effect by snorting or injecting them.
Opioid receptor
Opioid receptor
1999 2000
2001
2002
2005
2006
200 2007
2008 2009
2010
Indiana
Ingesting pills
Brain
OR OR OR Opioid receptors
706. 706.5
77 771.3
873.2 775.8 77
35
952,556 grams
Results in the rapid release of the drug into the bloodstream. Injecting opioids increases the risk of HIV and other infectious diseases through use of shared needles.
OR
OR
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
This results in a rapid release of the drug into the bloodstream and exposes the person to high doses.
OR
Number of Americans 12 or older who in 2010 reported using prescription painkillers without a medical reason to do so
Increase in the retail dis ease reta istribution of ox on oxycodon in g one grams on nationally from 1997 to 2010 tionally m 97 o
1,327% %
$635 billion
Num umber of controlle ontr led substance prescr tions substa e pr cription dispense in Kentu spen sp sed tucky in 2009
11,124,085 4 5
Drowsiness, mental confusion Nausea and constipation Alone or with alcohol or other drugs, can depress respiration and even lead to death. Unintentional overdose deaths involving prescription opioids have quadrupled since 1999 and now outnumber those from heroin and cocaine combined.
Number of emergency department visits nationally in 2009 due to people abusing prescription painkillers
500,000
Num r Number of con ledontrolle subs nc substance pres nce escriptions tions prescr ed nnually by top pr cribed ann pres iber in Kentucky escriber ers
SOURCES: National Institute on Drug Abuse, New York University Langone Medical Center, Courier-Journal reporting
Liver
PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE
Patients who are prescribed opioids for a prolonged period may develop a physical dependence, which is not the same as s addiction. Repeated exposure to opioids sometimes results in tolerance or withdrawal symptoms when the drug is abruptly stopped. WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS: May include restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold ashes with goose bumps, and involuntary leg movements.
OR
OR Stomach
Largeintestines
OR OR
OR
Small intestines
Biology
Genes, in combination with a persons environment, account for about half of someones vulnerability to addiction.
ncludes nc des nclude family, friends, socioeconomic status and quality y of life in general. Peer pressure, physical and sexual e xual ab e, stress, and quality of parenting can greatly abuse, str eatly inuence whether someone abuses drugs or becomes in ence inuen ecomes addicted. ad cted addict
Genetic and environmental factors interact with critical Ge h developmental stages in a persons life such as adolesde cence. The earlier drug use begins, the more likely it will ce ikely progress to more serious abuse.
Development Develo De
by the FDA in 2010, makes it harder for people to cut, chew, crush or dissolve the pills. But Purdue Pharma officials said that its too early to judge to what degree the reformulation of the product will translate to a reduction in misuse and abuse.
fecting well-meaning doctors. One requires physicians to use KASPER before prescribing Schedule II or III drugs, with exceptions for emergency services and hospice care. It also requires those prescribers to take a full medical history, conduct a physical exam and discuss the risk of drug tolerance.
prescribing. One would require doctors who prescribe controlled substances to get training or special certification on addiction and abuse of controlled substances and safe use of the drugs. The other, the Stop Oxy Abuse Act, would direct the FDA to limit approval of drugs containing controlled-release oxycodone for severe pain only.
terest in making generic versions of the old type, he said, meaning there could soon be a cheaper equivalent drug thats easier to abuse. Rogers and others battling prescription drug abuse said the problem is like an evershifting genie destroying thousands of Kentucky families. Stewart agreed. Were living through a