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CHAPTER 6: ELECTROCHEMISTRY

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

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Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson students should be able to:
Identify the cation and anions in a molten compound and Aqueous solution correctly without asking teacher
Write half equations for the discharge of ions at the anode and Cathode correctly through discussion with other friends Predict the products of the electrolysis of molten compound and aqueous solution correctly in their own

Describe evidence for the existence of ions held in a lattice when solid but are free to move when molten correctly

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C O N T E N T S

EXPERIMENT

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6.1: PREVIOUS LESSON

6.2: ELECTROLYSIS OF MOLTEN SOLUTION 6.3: ELECTROLYSIS OF AQUEOUS COMPOUNDS

6.1:ELECTROLYTES AND NON-ELECTROLYTES

Substances that can conduct electricity (due to the present of free moving ions in the substances) when they are in molten state or aqueous solution and undergo chemical charges.

Substances that cannot conduct electricity either in molten state or aqueous solution

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Electrolytes: acids, alkalis and salts dissolved in water or molten salts . Non-electrolytes: Solid ionic substances do not conduct electricity, as their ions are held together in fixed positions by strong forces .

electrolyte
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Non-electrolyte

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ELECTROLYTE

NON-ELECTROLYTE

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6.2: ELECTROLYSIS OF MOLTEN COMPOUNDS

The electrode connected to the positive terminalPOSITIVE (ANODE)-- electric sources.

The electrode connected to the negative terminalNEGATIVE (CATHODE).

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All electrolytes are ionic, which means they are composed of positively and negatively charged ions. These ions do not move freely but are held in fixed positions in a lattice. When it melts, the ions are free to move.
During electrolysis, the negative ions or anions move to the anode whereas the positive ions or cations move to cathode.

A new substance is then formed at each electrode.

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Electrolysis Of molten lead (II) bromide (PbBr2)

+ -

+ + -

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6.3: ELECTROLYSIS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTION

For example, if you heat sodium chloride until it melts, it is called molten sodium chloride, but if you dissolve sodium chloride in water, it is called aqueous sodium chloride.

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In sodium chloride aqueous, other than the decomposition of Sodium chloride solid to form sodium and chloride ions, some of the water molecule will also disassociatesto form hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide (OH-) ions. NaCl ---> Na+ + ClH2O ---> H+ + OH-

Which means in an aqueous solution, it can be more than 1 positive and negative ions.

When the ions move to the anode and cathode, only 1 negative ion and 1 positive ion will be selected to be discharged, and this is called selective discharge.

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Factors Affecting Electrolysis

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Electrolysis of Aqueous Sulphuric Acid

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At the Cathode Here we have only one ion, the hydrogen, H+ (aq), and each ion gains an electron to become a hydrogen atom. Two of these newly formed atoms then combine to form a hydrogen gas molecule Equation: 2H+ + 2e ---> H2

At the Anode

Here we have a choice of either sulphate, SO42(aq), or hydroxide OH(aq) ions. Hydroxide is easier to discharge, so oxygen gas is given off at the anode.
Equation: 4OH- ---> O2 + 2H2O + 4e

Notes With electrolysis of aqueous solutions of dilute acids or alkalis, the volume of hydrogen given off at the cathode is roughly twice that of the oxygen gas at the anode. Accordingly, the elements of water are lost and as the electrolysis continues, the concentration of the acid or alkali increases . Essentially, the electrolysis of aqueous sulphuric acid is the electrolysis of water, with hydrogen and oxygen gas being given off in a ratio of 2 : 1 .

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2. The concentration
Electrolysis of Concentrated Sodium Chloride Solution (Brine)

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Anode :At the anode, the copper electrode dissolves into solution :
Cu 2+ (aq) + 2e- (copper electrode dissolves) Partial equation Cu(s)

Cathode :At the cathode, the copper ions are deposited as pink copper metal:
Cu (s) (copper metal deposited) Partial equation Cu 2+ (aq) + 2eMenu

EXPERIMENT: ELECTROLYSIS OF MOLTEN LEAD(II) BROMIDE, PbBr2

Figure 1:

Electrolysis of molten lead (II)

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PROCEDURE:
Fill a crucible with solid lead (II) bromide,PbBr2 until it is half full. After 5 minutes, disconnect the switch. Carefully pour out molten lead (II) Bromide into a beaker to observe what is formed at the cathode. Record your observations

Place the crucible on the tripod stand using a pipe-clay triangle. Heat the solid lead (II) bromide, PbBr2 until it melts. Turn on the switch and observe what happens at the anode. Record all your observations.

Set up apparatus as shown in Figure 1.

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RESULTS:
At the Cathode At the Anode

Observation Observation When electricity is flowing, a When electricity is flowing, silvery deposit of lead metal brown fumes of bromine gas forms on the cathode. are seen at the anode. In fact, as it is molten, it is more likely to drip off in a molten blob.
Half equation Pb2+ + 2e ---> Pb Half equation 2Br- ---> Br2 + e
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Explanation

Explanation

The lead(II) ions, as they are positive, move to the negative cathode, where each ion gains two electrons to form a lead atom. Any reaction at a cathode involved is again in electrons. This is called reduction or more exactly, cathodic reduction .

The bromide ions, as they are negative, move to the positive anode, where each loses an electron to form a bromine atom. Then two of these newly formed atoms combine to form bromine gas. Any reaction at an anode involves a loss of electrons.

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In summary, the lead(II) bromide is split into its component elements : PbBr2 ---> Pb + Br2

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TUTORIALS

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Which one is the correct description of solid lead (II) bromide and molten lead (II) bromide particles?

Solid lead (II) bromide A Lead (II) ions

Molten lead (II) bromide Lead atoms

B
C D

Leads (II)
Lead atoms Lead (II) ions

Lead atoms
Lead (II) ions Lead (II) ions

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Which of the following statements are correct about molten aluminium oxide?

I. II. III. IV.

The cation presents are Al 3+ The anion presents are oxygen, O2Oxygen gas is present in it. Aluminium atoms are present in it.

A. B. C.

D.

I and II only II and III only I, II, and III only I, II, III and IV

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Which one of the following aqueous solutions contains only three types of ions?

A. Dilute sulphuric acid

B. Nitrate solution C. Copper (II) sulphate solution D. Copper (II) chloride solution

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In the electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide, which of the following half equations represents the reaction at the anode?

A. B. C. D.

Al (s) Al 3+ (aq) + 3eAl 3+ (aq) + 3e- Al (s) 2O2- (aq) O2 (g) + 4e4OH- (aq) 2H2O (l) + O2 (g) + 4e-

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A simple voltaic cell is built by immersing a zinc strip and a magnesium strip into a solution of dilute hydrochloric acid. Which of the following half equations represents the reaction at the negative terminal of the voltaic cell?

A. B. C. D.

Mg (s) Mg 2+ (aq) + 2eMg 2+ (aq) + 2e- Mg (s) Zn (s) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e2H+ (aq) + 2e- H2 (g)

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Anode A B C D Chlorine Chlorine Lithium Hydrogen

Cathode Hydrogen Lithium Chlorine Chlorine

What are the products formed when molten lithium chloride is elecrolysed?
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A or B or C or D?

A molten compound Q, when electrolyzed produces lead at the cathode and oxygen at the anode. Compound Q is most likely to be --------

A. Lead (II) oxide B. Lead (II) chloride C. Lead (II) bromide D. Lead (II) carbonate

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The diagram shows the apparatus used to electrolysed lead (II) bromide using carbon electrodes. Why the bulb doesnt light up when solid lead (II) bromide is used?

A. B. C. D.

Lead (II) bromide is not stable. Lead (II) bromide does not contain ions. The ions in lead (II) bromide are held in a lattice. Bromide ions are non-conductors of electricity.

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The diagram shows the apparatus to electrolyzed lead (II) iodide.

Why is heat needed in this experiment?

A. B. C. D.

To increase the number of lead (II) ions. To increase the number of bromide ions. To bind the lead (II) ions to the bromide ions. To overcome the forces of attraction between the ions.

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GLOSSARY
Electrodes = Objects that conduct electricity between cell and surroundings. Electrodes are involved in the reaction or carry electrical charge. Electrolyte = Mixture of ions (usually in aqueous solution).

Anode = Electrode at which the oxidation occurs: electrons are given up by the substance. The substance is being oxidized.
Cathode = Electrode at which the reduction occurs: electrons enter the cell and are taken up by the substance being reduced (=oxidizing agent) Menu

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In solid particle, atoms cannot moving and just vibrate in the same position while in molten compound, they are free to move.

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Which one is the correct description of solid lead (II) bromide and molten lead (II) bromide particles? Solid lead (II) bromide A Lead (II) ions Molten lead (II) bromide Lead atoms

B
C D

Leads (II)
Lead atoms Lead (II) ions

Lead atoms
Lead (II) ions Lead (II) ions

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1. Determine the elements involved in the electrolysis: aluminium and oxygen. 2. Identify which is cation and anion: cation= aluminium, anion=oxygen 3. Identify the charge: Al 3+ , O2-

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Which of the following statements are correct about molten aluminium oxide?

I. II. III. IV.

The cation presents are Al 3+ The anion presents are oxygen, O2Oxygen gas is present in it. Aluminium atoms are present in it.

A. B. C.

D.

I and II only II and III only I, II, and III only I, II, III and IV

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In aqueous solution, there are more types of ion instead of two ions in molten compound. The water molecules also will dissociate to form ions. Usually, in aqueous solution, there are four types of ion including OH- and H+.

When electrolysis is carried out by using acidic aqueous solution, the H+ ion was already present in it. So, types of ions presented in that solution is reduced to three.
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Which one of the following aqueous solutions contains only three types of ions?

A. Dilute sulphuric acid

B. Nitrate solution C. Copper (II) sulphate solution D. Copper (II) chloride solution

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In electrolysis of molten compound, only two types of ion represent. In the case only aluminium ion and oxide ion. Remember that at anode, anion will undergo oxidation (releasing of electron). In this case, oxide ion will undergo oxidation to form oxygen gas. Gas will evolved at the anode.

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In the electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide, which of the following half equations represents the reaction at the anode?

A. B. C. D.

Al (s) Al 3+ (aq) + 3eAl 3+ (aq) + 3e- Al (s) 2O2- (aq) O2 (g) + 4e4OH- (aq) 2H2O (l) + O2 (g) + 4e-

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This is one type of electrolysis in aqueous solution. We must consider all the ions presents in the solution including H+ and OH-. At negative terminal (cathode), electron received by cation whether H+, Mg 2+ and Zn 2+ . Based on electrochemistry series, ion H+ is easier to discharge rather than other ions to form hydrogen gas. ANS

A simple voltaic cell is built by immersing a zinc strip and a magnesium strip into a solution of dilute hydrochloric acid. Which of the following half equations represents the reaction at the negative terminal of the voltaic cell?

A. B. C. D.

Mg (s) Mg 2+ (aq) + 2eMg 2+ (aq) + 2e- Mg (s) Zn (s) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e2H+ (aq) + 2e- H2 (g)

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In electrolysis of molten compound, only two types of ion present. In this case, the ions are chloride ion and lithium ion. Cation (Li+) will discharge at cathode to form lithium while anion ( Cl-) will undergo reduction to form chlorine gas.

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Anode A B C D Chlorine Chlorine Lithium Hydrogen

Cathode Hydrogen Lithium Chlorine Chlorine

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Cation (Pb 2+ ) will discharge at cathode to form lead (II) while anion ( O2-) will undergo reduction to form oxygen gas. Therefore, the compound before electrolysis was carried out is come from combining of the ions.

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A molten compound Q, when electrolyzed produces lead at the cathode and oxygen at the anode. Compound Q is most likely to be --------

A. Lead (II) oxide B. Lead (II) chloride C. Lead (II) bromide D. Lead (II) carbonate

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In solid form, the ions cannot moving freely, thus cannot acts as the sources of electricity. Therefore, the light does not light up.

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The diagram shows the apparatus used to electrolysed lead (II) bromide using carbon electrodes. Why the bulb doesnt light up when solid lead (II) bromide is used?

A. B. C. D.

Lead (II) bromide is not stable. Lead (II) bromide does not contain ions. The ions in lead (II) bromide are held in a lattice. Bromide ions are non-conductors of electricity.

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In solid form, the ions cannot moving freely, thus cannot acts as the sources of electricity. When some heat is provide, the solid will melt and can moving freely. Therefore, the heat is to break up the attraction between the ions in the solid forms.

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The diagram shows the apparatus to electrolyzed lead (II) iodide.

Why is heat needed in this experiment?

A. B. C. D.

To increase the number of lead (II) ions. To increase the number of bromide ions. To bind the lead (II) ions to the bromide ions. To overcome the forces of attraction between the ions.

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CREDIT

Name: Muhafizah Bt Mohamed Nuri Matrix no. : D20061026302

Name: Nor Fatihah Bt Ab Malek Matrix no. : D20061026286

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http://www.wwnorton.com/college/chemistry/gilbert/tutorials/ch17.htm

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