1 Aerodynamics Lecture - Viscous Flow
1 Aerodynamics Lecture - Viscous Flow
1 Aerodynamics Lecture - Viscous Flow
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Viscous Flow
In reality every flow in the world is a viscous flow. Viscosity is the phenomena of friction that acts on all objects and fluids. In viscous flow, friction of surfaces, heat transfer and energy transfer between molecules and mass transfer (diffusion) takes place.
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The influence of friction creates V=0 at the body surface and this is called no-slip condition.
No Slip Condition
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Reversed Flow
When the fluid element is retarded by friction and increasing pressure, it will slow down and eventually stop as it travels downstream. Then, as pressure mounts, it will reverse direction and move back upstream (Reversed Flow)
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Flow Separation
Reversed flow will cause the flow to separate from the surface and create a large wake of recirculating flow downstream of the surface. The point of separation occurs at dV/dN = 0
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Flow Separation
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Flow Separation & Airfoil Stall Separation of flow increases the drag
and results in substantial loss of lift. Thus analysis of viscous flow and flow separation is important in order to prevent airfoil stall.
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Types of Drag Due to Viscous types of drag on Flow There are two main
the airfoil surface due to Viscous flow effects. These are Df which is Skin friction drag Dp which is the pressure drag of separation These numbers will effect whether we want turbulent or laminar flow for better control of the airfoil surface 2/5/13
This decrease in velocity is translated as a decrease in kinetic energy. This loss of kinetic energy transforms into internal energy of the fluid. (Conservation of Energy) Hence, the temperature of the fluid 2/5/13 will rise.
Aerodynamic Heating in Viscous Flow As a result, warmer fluid will heat the
cooler surface of the body. This is called aerodynamic heating. This becomes more severe since as flow velocity increases aerodynamic heating will also increase.
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It is very important to understand the effects of viscous flow on laminar and turbulent flow If the flow is smooth, it is called laminar flow. If the flow is irregular, random and jagged, it is turbulent flow.
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In turbulent flow, the frictional effects are more severe. Also, in turbulent flow, shear stress and aerodynamic heating are greater.
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However for turbulent flow, there is an advantage as the flow separation is less likely to happen. Even if flow separation occurs, the separation region will be much slower. The pressure drag Dp is smaller in turbulent flow.
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b) Increased turbulence in the free stream c) Adverse pressure gradients d) Heating of the fluid by the surface will cause turbulent flow
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Flow
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The moving fluid has a certain amount of kinetic energy as it flows on the surface. However, the flow velocity is decreased due to friction. This decrease in the viscous flow is the loss of kinetic energy of the flow which transforms into internal energy of the fluid. This causes the temperature to rise 2/5/13 the fluid and this is called viscous in
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Viscous Flow and Turbulent Flow flows. All viscous flows are rotational
Thus no velocity potential function exists for viscous flow. In viscous flows, the Prandtl number is important. Prandtl number is the property of the gas and it changes as a function of temperature.
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2) The fluid will have the same temperature as the wall at the surface y=0 >>> T=Tw 3) If Tw is not constant, this means that either the fluid is heated by the wall or the wall is being heated by 2/5/13 the fluid. Then the boundary
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Forces Acting on the Fluid Element All of the forces acting on the Fluid
Navier- Stokes equations are the most famous equations that depict aerodynamic viscous flow. In essence, Navier Stokes Equations are the momentum-continuity-energy equations derived in the slide from Newtons Second Law.
Navier Stokes equations can be applied to any kind of Fluid flow. They depict all of the momentum forces acting on the various variables 2/5/13 of the fluid.
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Energy Equations
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You simplify some terms thinking about the terms that may be cancelled such as delta t=0 for steady flow or 1 d flow with v=w=0 etc. 2/5/13
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Shear Stress
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Shear Stress
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Couette Flow
The Couette flow can be best described as the flow between two plates, where the top plate is moving and the bottom plate is stationary.
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Couette Flow
The driving force for this flow is the motion of the upper plate dragging the flow along with it through the mechanism of friction. The upper plate is is exerting a shear stress acting toward the fluid at y=D that is causing the fluid to move toward the right.
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Couette Flow
The only changes in the flow take place in the y direction. Nothing changes in the x and z direction. The flow velocity is zero at the bottom where the stationary plate is. The flow velocity gradually increases as d is increased and reaches maximum at the top where the moving plate is.
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Couette Flow
The kinetic energy of the flow is dissipated partially through friction and turned to internal energy in the fluid. This is called viscous dissipation. The heat flux is expressed by the Fourier Law.
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In this flow, all flow properties only change with y. Thus, all partial derivatives in the Navier Stokes equations with respect to x and z are zero. The flow is steady, so all time derivatives are zero.
Couette Flow
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Couette Flow
The Couette Flow is a constant pressure flow since pressure doesnt change in the x direction or y direction due to the equations.
Hence, Couette Flow happens due to shear stress exerted on the flow. All flows happen either due to pressure difference or due to shear 2/5/13 stress. No other form of flow exists in
Aerodynamic heating increases as the flow velocity increases. This is especially important for hypersonic vehicles as extreme temperatures are reached due to viscous dissipation. Shear stress decreases as the distance between the two sides of the flow increases.
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We will get:
As the speed of the flow increases, the shear stress increases for viscous flows. For Couette Flow this increase is linear. As D increases (the distance between the two opposing sides): the shear stress decreases in Viscous Flows. This is because bigger D means more volume for the shear pressure to 2/5/13 dissipate. For Couette Flows,
Poiseuille Flow is the viscous flow between two stationary plates. Unlike Couette Flow, both plates are stationary.
Poiseuille Flow
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In the two dimensional Poiseuille Flow, the velocity of the flow changes in the y direction. Thus, the flow velocity is independent of x and hence u=u(y) and v=w=0
Poiseuille Flow
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Poiseuille Flow
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The speed of the flow becomes maximum at the midpoint of the flow as the flow velocity shows a parabolic change with the minimum points being at the stationary plates where the viscous flow velocity is zero
Poiseuille Flow
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Poiseuille Flow
Unlike the Couette Flow which is maintained only by shear stress of the upper plate dragging the fluid, The Poiseuille flow happens only due to the pressure difference.
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The velocity distribution is parabolic. The velocities at the boundaries of the plates are zero. The velocity increases as it reaches the center of the flow and then it starts to decrease again until it becomes zero at the borders
Poiseuille Flow
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