Fluid Mechanics Q Bank
Fluid Mechanics Q Bank
Fluid Mechanics Q Bank
UNIT- I
PART – A
1. Explain briefly the concept of continuum
2. What is a Newtonian fluid? Give example
Fluids which obey the Newton's law of viscosity are called as Newtonian fluids.
Example: Many common liquids and gases, such as water and air, can be assumed to be
Newtonian for practical calculations under ordinary conditions.
3. Differentiate Newtonian and non Newtonian fluids
Newtonian fluids Non Newtonian fluids
Fluids which obey the Newton's law of Fluids which do not obey the Newton's law of
viscosity are called as Newtonian fluids. viscosity are called as Non newtonian fluids.
Newtonian fluid is a fluid in which shear A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid in which
stress is proportional to the velocity shear stress is not simply proportional solely to
gradient, perpendicular to the plane of the velocity gradient, perpendicular to the
shear. The constant of proportionality is plane of shear. Non-Newtonian fluids may not
known as the viscosity. have a well-defined viscosity.
Water, sugar solutions, glycerin, silicone Most drilling fluids are non-Newtonian. Non-
oils, light-hydrocarbon oils, air and other Newtonian fluid
gases are Newtonian fluids.
4. Give the classification of non Newtonian fluids.
Non-Newtonian fluids can be divided into two broad categories on the basis of their shear
stress/shear rate behavior: those whose shear stress is independent of time or duration of shear
(time-independent) and those whose shear stress depends on time or duration of shear (time-
dependent).
5. Differentiate compressible fluid from incompressible fluid.
Compressible flow Incompressible flow
The compressible flow is that type of The incompressible flow is that type of flow
flow in which the density of the fluid in which the density is constant for the fluid
changes from point to point i.e. the flow. Liquids are generally incompressible. It
density is not constant for the fluid. is expressed in m3/s.
It is expressed in kg/sec.
6. Define Stream line
A stream line is an imaginary line drawn in a flow field such that a tangent drawn at any point on
this line represents the direction of the velocity vector. In steady flow, a fluid particle will move
along a streamline. Equation of a stream line in a three-dimensional flow is given as
(dx/u) = (dy/v) = (dz/w)
7. Define Velocity Potential
Velocity Potential is defined as a scalar function of space and time such that its negative
derivative with respect to any direction gives the fluid velocity in that direction.
8. List out the properties of a velocity potential function
1. If velocity potential exists, the flow should be irrotational
2. If velocity potential satisfies the Laplace equation, it represents the possible steady,
incompressible, irrotational flow.
9. State the buoyancy principle.
A simpler method follows from the Archimedes principle, which states that the buoyant force
exerted on a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid the body displaces.
10. Define Meta centre.
The intersection of a vertical line through the centre of buoyancy of a floating body at equilibrium
with the formerly ertical line through the centre of gravity of the body when the body is tilted.
11. List out the some important properties of fluids.
Important basic properties of fluids:
Density, Viscosity, Temperature, Pressure, Specific Volume, Specific Weight, Specific Gravity
12. Give the classification of fluids.
The fluids fluid flow can be classified ac according to the rhelogical consideration, spatial
dimensions, dilational tensor, then motion characteristics, the temporal variations and fluid types.
13. What are incompressible fluids?
Incompressible flow
The incompressible flow is that type of flow in which the density is constant for the fluid flow.
Liquids are generally incompressible. It is expressed in m3/s.
ρ = constant
14. Briefly explain rotational and irrotational flow.
Rotational flow
Rotational flow is that type of flow in which the fluid particles while flowing along stream lines
and also rotate about their own axis.
Ir-rotational flow
If the fluid particles are flowing along stream lines and do not rotate about their own axis that
type of flow is called as ir-rotational flow
PART-B
1. Draw shear stress – shear rate diagram and explain the rheological behavior of different fluids.
Give one example of each. (8)
What is meant by continuum concept of the system? (6)
What is mean by control volume? (2)
2. i) Give any two equations to present non- Newtonian behavior of fluids and explain its
significance (6)
ii) Distinguish between Newtonian and non -Newtonian fluids. (6)
iii) Define density and specific weight, specific volume and specific gravity. (4)
3. i)Distinguish between Newtonian and non -Newtonian fluids with the help of a sketch. (6)
(ii) State the laws of buoyancy. (4)
(iii) Discuss pressure measurements using U- tube manometers. (6)
4. Compare and explain the characteristics of Newtonian and Non newtonian fluids.
5. Derive the hydrostatic equilibrium in a centrifugal field.
6. Explain the velocity profile and shear diagram for Bingham plastic flow.
7. With a neat sketch, derive the shear stress distribution in a cylindrical tube.
8. Elaborate the different types of Non Newtonian fluids in detail.
9. State and prove Pascals law.
10. Represent five types of fluids on the shear stress velocity gradient graphical form.
11. Distinguish between compressible and incompressible fluids with examples
12. Define mass density, surface tension, weight density, specific gravity, dynamic viscosity
and kinematic viscosity of fluids and write the SI units.
UNIT-II
1. What is the main use of manometer?
A manometer is an instrument that uses a column of liquid to measure pressure, although the term
is currently often used to mean any pressure measuring instrument.
2. Mention four types of pressure measurement manometers.
Manometers are broadly classified into 2 types 1.Simple manometer 2. Differential manometer
Simple Manometers: a) Piezometers b) U-tube manometers c) Single tube manometers
d) Inclined tube manometers
Differential Manometer: (a) Two piezometers. (b) Inverted U-tube manometer. (c) U-
tube differential manometers. (d) Micromanometers
3. What is hydrostatic equilibrium?
A fluid is said to be in hydrostatic equilibrium or hydrostatic balance when it is at rest, or
when the flow velocity at each point is constant over time. This occurs when external
forces such as gravity are balanced by a pressure gradient force.
4. Write general continuity equation.
PART-B
UNIT-III
1. Give any two uses of dimensional analysis in scale up studies.
(i) Flow around a cylinder and a sphere
(ii) Losses in pipe flow
2. What is dynamic similarity?
Dynamic similarity refers to the phenomenon that when there are two geometrically
similar vessels (same shape, different sizes) with the same boundary conditions (ex. No-
slip, center-line velocity) and the same Reynolds number, then the fluid flows will be
identical.
3. List out the laws of dimensional homogeneity
An analytically derived equation representing a physical phenomenon must be valid for
all system of units.
4. List the laws of buoyancy
Archimedes' principle indicates that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed
in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body
displaces. Archimedes' principle is a law of physics fundamental to fluid mechanics.
5. Define the term dimensional homogeneity
Dimensional homogeneity is the quality of an equation having quantities of same units on
both sides. A valid equation in physics must be homogeneous, since equality cannot
apply between quantities of different nature.
6. Give the main application of dimensional analysis.
It is particularly useful for: presenting and interpreting experimental data; attacking problems
not amenable to a direct theoretical solution; checking equations; establishing the relative
importance of particular physical phenomena; physical modelling
7. State the Pi theorem and give its uses.
The Buckingham π theorem is a key theorem in dimensional analysis. It states that if
there is a physically meaningful equation involving a certain number q of physical
variables, then the original equation can be rewritten in terms of a set of π = q − u
dimensionless parameters π1, π2, ..., πp constructed from the original variables. Where u is
the number of physical units involved)
8. Define similitude and mention three types of similarities.
It is defined as the similarity between the prototype and it’s model.
Types of Similarity Geometric similarity o Kinematic similarity o Dynamic similarity
9. What is the difference between dimensional analysis and similitude?
Dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by
identifying their fundamental dimensions (such as length, mass, time, and electric charge)
and units of measure (such as miles )
Similitude is a concept applicable to the testing of engineering models. A model is said to have
similitude with the real application if the two share geometric similarity, kinematic similarity and
dynamic similarity. Similarity and similitude are interchangeable in this context.
PART-B
UNIT-IV
1. What do you mean by drag coefficient?
The drag coefficient is a number that aerodynamicists use to model all of the complex
dependencies of shape, inclination, and flow conditions on aircraft drag. This equation is
simply a rearrangement of the drag equation where we solve for the drag coefficient in
terms of the other variables. The drag coefficient Cd is equal to the drag D divided by the
quantity: density r times half the velocity V squared times the reference area A.
2. What is the physical significance of Reynolds number?
It is the ratio of inertial force to viscous force.
3. Differentiate between packed bed and fluidized bed.
Fixed bed: The fixed bed or packed bed reactors are most commonly used for study of solid
catalyst. A fixed bed reactor usually consists of a cylindrical vessel packed with catalyst pellets
and easy to design and operate. The metal support grid and screen is placed near the bottom to
support the catalyst. Inert ceramic balls are placed above the catalyst bed to distribute the feed
evenly.
Fluidized bed: In fluidized bed reactor catalyst pellets of average size less than 0.1 mm are
fluidized by the reactant fluid. The linear velocity is maintained above the minimum fluidization
velocity required to obtain the fluidized bed. As the superficial velocity increases, the bed
expands and become increasingly dilute. At high enough linear velocity, the smallest catalyst
particles escape from the bed and have to be separated from exhaust gases and recycled
4. Define porosity.
It is the ratio of volume of void to volume of entire bed.
5. Distinguish between laminar flow and turbulent flow through circular pipes.
In flow through circular pipes, the fluid flow is streamlined at low velocities but turns chaotic as
the velocity is increased above a critical value. The flow regime in the first case is said to be
laminar, characterized by smooth streamlines and highly ordered motion, and turbulent in the
second case, where it is characterized by velocity fluctuations and highly disordered motion. The
transition from laminar to turbulent flow does not occur suddenly; rather, it occurs over some
region in which the flow fluctuates between laminar and turbulent flows before it becomes fully
turbulent.
6. What is Hagen-Poiseuille law? Give its importance.
(P1-P2) / ρg = hf = 32 µŪL / ρgD2
The expression is known as Hagen poiseuille formula.
Where P1-P2 / ρg = Loss of pressure head, Ū= Average velocity,
µ = Coefficient of viscosity, D = Diameter of pipe,
L = Length of pipe
The equation refers to the value of loss of head in a pipe of length ‘L’ due to
viscosity in a laminar flow.
7. Name the two important velocities which influence the formation of packed bed and
fluidized bed.
Superficial gas velocity
Minimum fluidization velocity
8. Define Laminar flow?
A flow is said to be laminar if Reynolds number is less than 2000 for pipe flow.
Laminar flow is possible only at low velocities and high viscous fluids. In laminar
type of flow, fluid particles move in laminas or layers gliding smoothly over the
adjacent layer.
9. Define Reynolds number.
The Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless quantity that is used to help predict
whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. It is the ratio of the inertial force to viscous
force.
NRe = Dvρ / µ
10. Define head loss.
Loss of head represents the losses due to causes such as: friction on the pipe wall (distributed loss
of head, depending mainly on pipe lenght and roughness), or swirls and turbulence near inlets,
outlets, diaphragms, bends, changes of section (concentrated loss of head, depending on flow
velocity).
11. Define Reynolds number for a packed bed.
The packed bed Reynolds number is dimensionless and describes the ratio of inertial to
viscous forces for fluid flow through a packed bed. It may be used to calculate the
pressure drop though a packed bed via the Ergun equation or identify the boundaries of
flow regimes (laminar, transitional and turbulent) in a packed bed. This article will show
you how to calculate and interpret the packed bed Reynolds number.
12. Define minimum fluidization velocity.
When the packed bed has a fluid passed over it, the pressure drop of the fluid is
approximately proportional to the fluid's superficial velocity. In order to transition from a
packed bed to a fluidized condition, the gas velocity is continually raised. For a free-
standing bed there will exist a point, known as the minimum or incipient fluidization
point, whereby the bed's mass is suspended directly by the flow of the fluid stream. The
corresponding fluid velocity, known as the minimum fluidization velocity.
13. Mention the principle of Doppler effect applied in the flow measurement.
The Doppler effect is the change in frequency of a wave (or other periodic event) for
an observer moving relative to its source.
14. What is mean by Reynolds number regime?
For low Reynolds numbers the behavior of a fluid depends mostly on its viscosity and the
flow is steady, smooth, viscous, or laminar and n = 1.
For high Reynolds numbers the momentum of the fluid determines its behavior more than
the viscosity and the flow is unsteady, churning, roiling, or turbulent and n = 2.
For intermediate Reynolds numbers the flow is transitional — partly laminar and partly
turbulent.
15. Define pressure drag
Drag caused by increased pressure on the front and decreased pressure on the rear of an object
moving through a fluid medium such as air or water or of a stationary object around which the
medium passes
16. A ship having a wetted perimeter of 50m and a length of 140m is tp travel at 5 m/s. If the
density of sea water is 1025kg/m3, calculate the drag force. Take the drag coefficient a
0.002
17. Draw the velocity radius-plot in steady, laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid in a
circular pipe.
18. How are the force ratios and length ratios considered important in model studies?
Most of the dimensionless groups in fm may be thought of as ratios of lengths or ratios
of forces.
19. Classify the losses in pipe.
Pipe losses can be classified into (1) Major losses, the losses due to the friction and
also viscous effect of the fluids. (2) Minor losses, the losses due to various pipe
fittings or changes in a pipe say, like expansion, contraction and other kind of
fittings.
20. Define friction factor.
Darcy Friction Factor: The Darcy Equation is a theoretical equation that predicts
the frictional energy loss in a pipe based on the velocity of the fluid and the resistance due
to friction. It is used almost exclusively to calculate head loss due to friction in turbulent flow.