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    File Concept Access Methods Directory Structure File System Mounting File Sharing Protection

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    Farooq Shad
    This document discusses key concepts related to file systems in operating systems, including: 1) File systems use directory structures to organize files in a logical manner and allow efficient searching, grouping of related files, and multiple names for the same file. 2) Files have various attributes like name, size, permissions that are stored in the directory. Operations include create, read, write, delete on both files and directories. 3) Access methods can be sequential, direct, or a simulation of sequential on direct-access devices using indexing. 4) Mounting allows accessing unmounted file systems at mount points. File sharing enables multi-user access, which protection schemes aim to control.

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    File Concept Access Methods Directory Structure File System Mounting File Sharing Protection

    Uploaded by

    Farooq Shad
    139 views30 pages
    This document discusses key concepts related to file systems in operating systems, including: 1) File systems use directory structures to organize files in a logical manner and allow efficient searching, grouping of related files, and multiple names for the same file. 2) Files have various attributes like name, size, permissions that are stored in the directory. Operations include create, read, write, delete on both files and directories. 3) Access methods can be sequential, direct, or a simulation of sequential on direct-access devices using indexing. 4) Mounting allows accessing unmounted file systems at mount points. File sharing enables multi-user access, which protection schemes aim to control.

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    This document discusses key concepts related to file systems in operating systems, including: 1) File systems use directory structures to organize files in a logical manner and allow efficient searching, grouping of related files, and multiple names for the same file. 2) Files have various attributes like name, size, permissions that are stored in the directory. Operations include create, read, write, delete on both files and directories. 3) Access methods can be sequential, direct, or a simulation of sequential on direct-access devices using indexing. 4) Mounting allows accessing unmounted file systems at mount points. File sharing enables multi-user access, which protection schemes aim to control.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    139 views30 pages

    File Concept Access Methods Directory Structure File System Mounting File Sharing Protection

    Uploaded by

    Farooq Shad
    This document discusses key concepts related to file systems in operating systems, including: 1) File systems use directory structures to organize files in a logical manner and allow efficient searching, grouping of related files, and multiple names for the same file. 2) Files have various attributes like name, size, permissions that are stored in the directory. Operations include create, read, write, delete on both files and directories. 3) Access methods can be sequential, direct, or a simulation of sequential on direct-access devices using indexing. 4) Mounting allows accessing unmounted file systems at mount points. File sharing enables multi-user access, which protection schemes aim to control.

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    Chapter 11: File-System Interface

    File Concept Access Methods


    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Directory Structure File System Mounting File Sharing Protection

    File Concept
    Contiguous logical address space Types:
    Data
    numeric character binary
    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Program

    File Structure
    None - sequence of words, bytes Simple record structure
    Lines Fixed length Variable length

    Complex Structures
    Formatted document Relocatable load file

    Can simulate last two with first method by inserting appropriate control characters. Who decides:
    Operating system Program

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    File Attributes
    Name only information kept in human-readable form. Type needed for systems that support different types. Location pointer to file location on device. Size current file size. Protection controls who can do reading, writing, executing. Time, date, and user identification data for protection, security, and usage monitoring. Information about files are kept in the directory structure, which is maintained on the disk.

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    File Operations
    Create Write Read Reposition within file file seek Delete Truncate Open(Fi) search the directory structure on disk for entry Fi, and move the content of entry to memory. Close (Fi) move the content of entry Fi in memory to directory structure on disk.

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    File Types Name, Extension

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Access Methods
    Sequential Access read next write next reset no read after last write (rewrite) Direct Access
    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    read n write n position to n read next write next rewrite n

    n = relative block number

    Sequential-access File

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Simulation of Sequential Access on a Direct-access File

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Example of Index and Relative Files

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Directory Structure
    A collection of nodes containing information about all files.
    Directory
    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Files

    F1

    F2

    F3

    F4 Fn

    Both the directory structure and the files reside on disk. Backups of these two structures are kept on tapes.

    A Typical File-system Organization

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Information in a Device Directory


    Name Type Address Current length Maximum length Date last accessed (for archival) Date last updated (for dump) Owner ID (who pays) Protection information (discuss later)

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Operations Performed on Directory


    Search for a file Create a file Delete a file List a directory Rename a file Traverse the file system

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Organize the Directory (Logically) to Obtain

    Efficiency locating a file quickly. Naming convenient to users.


    Two users can have same name for different files. The same file can have several different names.

    Grouping logical grouping of files by properties, (e.g., all Java programs, all games, )

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Single-Level Directory
    A single directory for all users.

    Naming problem Grouping problem

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Two-Level Directory
    Separate directory for each user.

    Path name Can have the same file name for different user Efficient searching No grouping capability

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Tree-Structured Directories

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Tree-Structured Directories (Cont.)


    Efficient searching Grouping Capability
    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Current directory (working directory)


    cd /spell/mail/prog type list

    Tree-Structured Directories (Cont.) or relative path name Absolute


    Creating a new file is done in current directory. Delete a file rm <file-name> Creating a new subdirectory is done in current directory.
    mkdir <dir-name>

    Example: if in current directory /mail mkdir count


    mail prog copy prt exp count

    Deleting mail deleting the entire subtree rooted by mail.

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Acyclic-Graph Directories
    Have shared subdirectories and files.

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Acyclic-Graph Directories (Cont.)


    Two different names (aliasing) If dict deletes list dangling pointer. Solutions:
    Backpointers, so we can delete all pointers. Variable size records a problem. Backpointers using a daisy chain organization. Entry-hold-count solution.
    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    General Graph Directory

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    General Graph Directory (Cont.)


    How do we guarantee no cycles?
    Allow only links to file not subdirectories. Garbage collection. Every time a new link is added use a cycle detection algorithm to determine whether it is OK.

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    File System Mounting


    A file system must be mounted before it can be accessed. A unmounted file system (I.e. Fig. 11-11(b)) is mounted at a mount point.
    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    (a) Existing. (b) Unmounted Partition

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Mount Point

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    File Sharing
    Sharing of files on multi-user systems is desirable. Sharing may be done through a protection scheme.
    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    On distributed systems, files may be shared across a network. Network File System (NFS) is a common distributed filesharing method.

    Protection
    File owner/creator should be able to control:
    what can be done by whom
    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

    Types of access
    Read Write Execute Append Delete List

    AccessofListsread, write, execute Mode access: and Groups


    Three classes of users RWX a) owner access 7 111 RWX b) group access 6 110 RWX c) public access 1 001 Ask manager to create a group (unique name), say G, and add some users to the group. For a particular file (say game) or subdirectory, define an appropriate access.
    owner chmod group 761 public game

    Attach a group to a file chgrp G game

    Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

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