Chapter 1 - PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Chapter 1 - PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Chapter 1 - PARTIAL FRACTIONS
A given proper rational fraction may often be written as a sum of some proper fractions called partial fractions whose denominators are of lower degree than the denominator of the given fraction. For example,
x 19 x 19 2 2 2 x 3x 10 ( x 2)( x 5) x 2 x 5
The set up of partial fractions depends on the kind of denominator of a given fraction. Based on the denominator, the partial fractions has 4 cases as follows: Case 1. Distinct Linear Factors Case 2. Repeated Linear Factors Case 3. Distinct Quadratic Factors Case 4. Repeated Quadratic Factors
1. 6 x 2 28 x 18
x3 x 2 6 x
Solution:
6 x 2 28 x 18 = x3 x 2 6 x
6 x 2 28 x 18 A B C x( x 3)( x 2) x x 3 x 2
6 x 2 28 x 18 A B C x( x 3)( x 2) x x 3 x 2
x( x 3)(x 2)
This is a polynomial identity, so we may equate coefficients of like powers. x2 : 6=A+ B + C x : -28 = A 2B + 3C x0 : -18 = -6A Solving for the unknowns, we get A = 3, B = 8 and C = -5. Therefore, 3 8 5 6 x 2 28 x 18 = x x3 x2 x3 x 2 6 x
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
3 2 1 5x 2 2 x 3 x 4
1 2 3 x 1 x 2 2x 3
4 1 3 3x 5 x 2 x 3
1 9 4 x3 x2 2 5 x 1 2x 3
x2 x2 5x 6
2 x 3 9 x 2 10 x 11 2x2 x 3
x4
where A1, A2, . . . , Ak are constants to be determined. Example: Find the partial fraction decomposition of the following. 2 2 5 2 1. 8 x 33x 10 Answer: 2
(2 x 1)( x 4)
2x 1 x4 ( x 4) 2
2.
12 x 2 9 x 20 (2 x 3)(3x 1) 2
Answer:
2 1 5 2 x 3 3x 1 (3x 1) 2 2 1 3 1 2 x x x 2 ( x 2) 2
1 2 1 x 1 ( x 1) 2 ( x 1) 3
3.
4. 5.
5 x 3 11 x 4 x 4 x 4 4x3 4x 2
x2 ( x 1)3
Answer:
Answer: Answer:
x5 4 x3 3x 2 4 x 4 x 4 2 x3
6 x 4 35x3 55x 2 11x 50 ( x 2)2 (3x 2)
x2
3 2 4 x 2 x3 x 2
1 3 ( x 2) 2 3 x 2
6.
Answer:
2x 5
Answer
1 x3 2 x 1 x 2
2.
3 x 2 10 x 16 ( x 3)( x 2 x 1)
x 3 11 x 2 13 x 5 ( x 3)( 3 x 1)( x 2 x 2)
Answer:
1 2x 5 2 x 3 x x 1
2 1 2x 1 2 x 3 3x 1 x x 2
1 2 2x 3 x 1 ( x 1) 2 x2 1
3.
4. 5.
Answer:
Answer: Answer:
3x3 10x 2 9 x 6 ( x 1) 2 ( x 2 1)
8 x3 13 ( x 2)(4 x 2 1)
x 3 10 ( x3 2 x 2 5x
3 4x 6 x2 4x2 1
6.
Answer:
2 1 2 x x 2x 5
Examples:
1. 2. 3. 4.
x3 2 x 2 4 x 5 ( x 2 2) 2
Answer: Answer:
x2 2x 1 x 2 2 ( x 2 2) 2
2 x3 x 2 6 x 8 ( x 2 x 3) 2
3x 4 5 x 3 4 x 2 2 x 1 x( x 2 x 1) 2
2x 1 11 x 11 x 2 x 3 ( x 2 x 3) 2
x 4 x3 1 x 2 ( x 2 1)2
2 x5 4 x 4 12x3 9 x 2 24x 16 x 2 ( x 2 3x 4)2
Answer:
1 x2 x 2 ( x 2 1) 2
5.
EXERCISES:
2x 3 1. x 22 x 3
x2 4x 1 4. x 1 x 2 2 x 3
x 4 3x 2 1 2. x3 x
x3 3. 3 x 4 x 2 5x
x2 6. 3x 13
x3 x 2 7. 2 xx 2x 3
x 1 9. 5 4 3 2 x 3x 3x x
2
y3 8. 3 2 4y 4y y