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    Chapter 1 - PARTIAL FRACTIONS

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    krissypainty
    The document discusses partial fraction decomposition, which is a method of writing rational fractions as a sum of simpler fractions with lower degree denominators. It presents four cases for setting up partial fractions based on the type of denominator: 1) distinct linear factors, 2) repeated linear factors, 3) distinct quadratic factors, and 4) repeated quadratic factors. Examples are provided for each case to demonstrate how to decompose fractions into partial fractions by determining constants. Exercises are included for the reader to practice partial fraction decomposition.

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    Chapter 1 - PARTIAL FRACTIONS

    Uploaded by

    krissypainty
    1K views16 pages
    The document discusses partial fraction decomposition, which is a method of writing rational fractions as a sum of simpler fractions with lower degree denominators. It presents four cases for setting up partial fractions based on the type of denominator: 1) distinct linear factors, 2) repeated linear factors, 3) distinct quadratic factors, and 4) repeated quadratic factors. Examples are provided for each case to demonstrate how to decompose fractions into partial fractions by determining constants. Exercises are included for the reader to practice partial fraction decomposition.

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    The document discusses partial fraction decomposition, which is a method of writing rational fractions as a sum of simpler fractions with lower degree denominators. It presents four cases for setting up partial fractions based on the type of denominator: 1) distinct linear factors, 2) repeated linear factors, 3) distinct quadratic factors, and 4) repeated quadratic factors. Examples are provided for each case to demonstrate how to decompose fractions into partial fractions by determining constants. Exercises are included for the reader to practice partial fraction decomposition.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    1K views16 pages

    Chapter 1 - PARTIAL FRACTIONS

    Uploaded by

    krissypainty
    The document discusses partial fraction decomposition, which is a method of writing rational fractions as a sum of simpler fractions with lower degree denominators. It presents four cases for setting up partial fractions based on the type of denominator: 1) distinct linear factors, 2) repeated linear factors, 3) distinct quadratic factors, and 4) repeated quadratic factors. Examples are provided for each case to demonstrate how to decompose fractions into partial fractions by determining constants. Exercises are included for the reader to practice partial fraction decomposition.

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    of 16

    PARTIAL FRACTIONS

    A given proper rational fraction may often be written as a sum of some proper fractions called partial fractions whose denominators are of lower degree than the denominator of the given fraction. For example,

    x 19 x 19 2 2 2 x 3x 10 ( x 2)( x 5) x 2 x 5

    The set up of partial fractions depends on the kind of denominator of a given fraction. Based on the denominator, the partial fractions has 4 cases as follows: Case 1. Distinct Linear Factors Case 2. Repeated Linear Factors Case 3. Distinct Quadratic Factors Case 4. Repeated Quadratic Factors

    Case 1. Distinct Linear Factors


    To every factor ax + b of the denominator that appears without repetition, there corresponds a partial fraction , where A is a constant to be determined.

    Examples: Find the partial fraction decomposition of the following. 1. 6 x 2 28 x 18


    x3 x 2 6 x

    1. 6 x 2 28 x 18
    x3 x 2 6 x
    Solution:

    6 x 2 28 x 18 = x3 x 2 6 x

    6 x 2 28 x 18 A B C x( x 3)( x 2) x x 3 x 2

    6 x 2 28 x 18 A B C x( x 3)( x 2) x x 3 x 2

    We now multiply both sides of this equation by the LCD

    x( x 3)(x 2)

    6 x 2 28 x 18 A( x 3)( x 2) B( x)( x 2) C ( x)( x 3)


    6 x 2 28 x 18 A( x 2 x 6) B( x 2 2 x) C ( x 2 3x)

    This is a polynomial identity, so we may equate coefficients of like powers. x2 : 6=A+ B + C x : -28 = A 2B + 3C x0 : -18 = -6A Solving for the unknowns, we get A = 3, B = 8 and C = -5. Therefore, 3 8 5 6 x 2 28 x 18 = x x3 x2 x3 x 2 6 x

    2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

    6 x 2 40x 14 (5x 2)(2 x 3)(x 4) 3x 2 6 x 6 ( x 1)(x 2)(2 x 3)


    10 x 13x 69 (3x 5)(x 2)(x 3)
    2

    Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer:

    3 2 1 5x 2 2 x 3 x 4
    1 2 3 x 1 x 2 2x 3

    4 1 3 3x 5 x 2 x 3
    1 9 4 x3 x2 2 5 x 1 2x 3

    x2 x2 5x 6
    2 x 3 9 x 2 10 x 11 2x2 x 3

    x4

    Case 2: Repeated Linear Factors


    To every factor (ax + b)k of the denominator there correspond k partial fractions
    A A2 Ak 1 ... 2 ax b ( ax b) ( ax b) k

    where A1, A2, . . . , Ak are constants to be determined. Example: Find the partial fraction decomposition of the following. 2 2 5 2 1. 8 x 33x 10 Answer: 2
    (2 x 1)( x 4)
    2x 1 x4 ( x 4) 2

    2.

    12 x 2 9 x 20 (2 x 3)(3x 1) 2

    Answer:

    2 1 5 2 x 3 3x 1 (3x 1) 2 2 1 3 1 2 x x x 2 ( x 2) 2
    1 2 1 x 1 ( x 1) 2 ( x 1) 3

    3.
    4. 5.

    5 x 3 11 x 4 x 4 x 4 4x3 4x 2
    x2 ( x 1)3

    Answer:
    Answer: Answer:

    x5 4 x3 3x 2 4 x 4 x 4 2 x3
    6 x 4 35x3 55x 2 11x 50 ( x 2)2 (3x 2)

    x2

    3 2 4 x 2 x3 x 2
    1 3 ( x 2) 2 3 x 2

    6.

    Answer:

    2x 5

    Case 3: Distinct Quadratic Factors


    To every irreducible quadratic factor ax2 + bx + c of the denominator that appears without repetition, there corresponds a partial fraction where A and B are constants to be determined.

    Example: Find the partial fraction decomposition of the following. 1.


    2x 5 ( x 1)( x 2 2)

    Answer

    1 x3 2 x 1 x 2

    2.

    3 x 2 10 x 16 ( x 3)( x 2 x 1)
    x 3 11 x 2 13 x 5 ( x 3)( 3 x 1)( x 2 x 2)

    Answer:

    1 2x 5 2 x 3 x x 1
    2 1 2x 1 2 x 3 3x 1 x x 2
    1 2 2x 3 x 1 ( x 1) 2 x2 1

    3.
    4. 5.

    Answer:
    Answer: Answer:

    3x3 10x 2 9 x 6 ( x 1) 2 ( x 2 1)

    8 x3 13 ( x 2)(4 x 2 1)
    x 3 10 ( x3 2 x 2 5x

    3 4x 6 x2 4x2 1

    6.

    Answer:

    2 1 2 x x 2x 5

    Case 4:Repeated Quadratic Factors


    If ax2 + bx + c is irreducible, then to every factor (ax2 + bx + c)k of the denominator, there correspond k partial fractions
    A1 x B1 A2 x B2 Ak x Bk ... ax 2 bx c (ax 2 bx c) 2 (ax 2 bx c) k

    where A1, A2, . . ., Ak, B1, B2, . . . , Bk are constants to be determined.

    Examples:
    1. 2. 3. 4.
    x3 2 x 2 4 x 5 ( x 2 2) 2

    Answer: Answer:

    x2 2x 1 x 2 2 ( x 2 2) 2

    2 x3 x 2 6 x 8 ( x 2 x 3) 2
    3x 4 5 x 3 4 x 2 2 x 1 x( x 2 x 1) 2

    2x 1 11 x 11 x 2 x 3 ( x 2 x 3) 2

    x 4 x3 1 x 2 ( x 2 1)2
    2 x5 4 x 4 12x3 9 x 2 24x 16 x 2 ( x 2 3x 4)2

    Answer:

    1 x2 x 2 ( x 2 1) 2

    5.

    EXERCISES:
    2x 3 1. x 22 x 3

    x2 4x 1 4. x 1 x 2 2 x 3

    x 4 3x 2 1 2. x3 x

    x3 3. 3 x 4 x 2 5x

    x2 6. 3x 13

    x3 x 2 7. 2 xx 2x 3

    x 1 9. 5 4 3 2 x 3x 3x x
    2

    y3 8. 3 2 4y 4y y

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