18-19-20 Hypothesis Testing, Parametric and Non-Parametric Test
18-19-20 Hypothesis Testing, Parametric and Non-Parametric Test
18-19-20 Hypothesis Testing, Parametric and Non-Parametric Test
Chapter 18
Hypothesis Testing
18-2
Hypothesis Testing
Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
18-3
Statistical Procedures
Inferential Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
18-4
18-5
18-6
Stages
18-7
Tests of Significance
Parametric
Nonparametric
18-8
Independent observations
Normal distribution
Equal variances
18-9
18-10
If two or more samples are involved, are the individual cases independent or related? Is the measurement scale nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?
18-11
k-Sample Tests
__________________________________________ __
One-Sample Case Binomial x2 one-sample test KolmogorovSmirnov onesample test Runs test
Independent Samples Fisher exact test x2 twosamples test Median test Mann-Whitney U KolmogorovSmirnov WaldWolfowitz t-test Z test
Ordinal
t-test Z test
Repeatedmeasures ANOVA
18-12
Questions Answered by One-Sample Tests Is there a difference between observed frequencies and the frequencies we would expect? Is there a difference between observed and expected proportions? Is there a significant difference between some measures of central tendency and the population parameter?
18-13
Parametric Tests
Z-test
t-test
18-14
18-15
Living Arrangement
Intend to Join
Number Interviewed
Dorm/fraternity
Apartment/rooming house, nearby Apartment/rooming house, distant Live at home
16
90
45
13
40
20
12
16 15
_____
40 30
_____
20 15
_____
12 9
_____
Total
60
200
100
60
18-16
18-17
18-18
A Group
B Group
X1 = $1,500 s1 = 225
X2 = $1,300 s2 = 251
18-19
18-20
Row Total 16
Moderate
15
Nonsmoker
35
Column Total
66
18-21
18-22
Two-Related-Samples Tests
Parametric
Nonparametric
18-23
18-24
18-25
Before
After Favor
Favor
Do Not Favor
18-26
Favor
A=10
B=90
Do Not Favor
C=60
D=40
18-27
k-Independent-Samples Tests: ANOVA Tests the null hypothesis that the means of three or more populations are equal One-way: Uses a single-factor, fixedeffects model to compare the effects of a treatment or factor on a continuous dependent variable
18-28
_______________________Means Table________________________ Count Delta Lufthansa KLM 20 20 20 Mean 38.950 58.900 72.900 Std. Dev. 14.006 15.089 13.902 Std. Error 3.132 3.374 3.108
18-29
18-30
Post Hoc: Scheffes S Multiple Comparison Procedure Crit. Diff. 11.400 11.400 11.400
18-31
18-32
18-33
__________Means Table Effect: Airline by Seat Selection___________ Count Delta economy Delta business Lufthansa economy 10 10 10 Mean 35.600 42.300 48.500 Std. Dev. 12.140 15.550 12.501 Std. Error 3.839 4.917 3.953
Lufthansa business
KLM economy KLM business
10
10 10
69.300
64.800 81.000
9.166
13.037 9.603
2.898
4.123 3.037
18-34
k-Related-Samples Tests More than two levels in grouping factor Observations are matched
18-35
Source
Airline Subject (group) Ratings Ratings by air....... Ratings by subj.....
d.f.
2 57 1 2 57
Sum of Squares
3552735.50 15067.650 625.633 2061.717 2490.650
Mean Square
17763.775 264.345 625.633 1030.858 43.696
F Value
67.199
p Value
0.0001
14.318 23.592
0.0004 0.0001
___________________________________Means Table by Airline _________________________________________________________________________ Count Rating 1, Delta Rating 1, Lufthansa Rating 1, KLM Rating 2, Delta Rating 2, Lufthansa Rating 2, KLM 20 20 20 20 20 20 Mean 38.950 58.900 72.900 32.400 72.250 79.800 Std. Dev. 14.006 15.089 13.902 8.268 10.572 11.265 Std. Error 3.132 3.374 3.108 1.849 2.364 2.519
______________________________________Means Table Effect: Ratings_________________________________________________________________ Count Mean Std. Dev. Std. Error
Rating 1
Rating 2
60
60
56.917
61.483
19.902
23.208
2.569
2.996