Sdsa
Sdsa
Sdsa
Define the Population Determine the Sampling Frame Select Sampling Technique(s) Determine the Sample Size Execute the Sampling Process
Convenience Sampling
Judgmental Sampling
Quota Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Convenience sampling attempts to obtain a sample of convenient elements. Often, respondents are selected because they happen to be in the right place at the right time. use of students, and members of social organizations
11
16
21
12
17
22
13
18
23
14
19
24
Group D happens to assemble at a convenient time and place. So all the elements in this Group are selected. The resulting sample consists of elements 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20. Note, no elements are selected from group A, B, C and E.
10
15
20
25
Judgmental Sampling
Judgmental sampling is a form of convenience sampling in which the population elements are selected based on the judgment of the researcher. test markets
11
16
21
12
17
22
13
18
23
14
19
24
The researcher considers groups B, C and E to be typical and convenient. Within each of these groups one or two elements are selected based on typicality and convenience. The resulting sample consists of elements 8, 10, 11, 13, and 24. Note, no elements are selected from groups A and D.
10
15
20
25
Quota Sampling
Quota sampling may be viewed as two-stage restricted judgmental sampling. The first stage consists of developing control categories, or quotas, of population elements. In the second stage, sample elements are selected based on convenience or judgment. Population composition Control Characteristic Sex Male Female Sample composition
Percentage
48 52 ____ 100
Percentage
48 52 ____ 100
Number
480 520 ____ 1000
11
16
21
12
17
22
13
18
23
14
19
24
A quota of one element from each group, A to E, is imposed. Within each group, one element is selected based on judgment or convenience. The resulting sample consists of elements 3, 6, 13, 20 and 22. Note, one element is selected from each column or group.
10
15
20
25
Snowball Sampling
In snowball sampling, an initial group respondents is selected, usually at random. of
After being interviewed, these respondents are asked to identify others who belong to the target population of interest. Subsequent respondents are selected based on the referrals.
Referrals
D
11
16
21
12
17
22
13
18
23
14
19
24
Elements 2 and 9 are selected randomly from groups A and B. Element 2 refers elements 12 and 13. Element 9 refers element 18. The resulting sample consists of elements 2, 9, 12, 13, and 18. Note, there are no element from group E.
10
15
20
25
11
16
21
12
17
22
13
18
23
14
19
24
Select five random numbers from 1 to 25. The resulting sample consists of population elements 3, 7, 9, 16, and 24. Note, there is no element from Group C.
10
15
20
25
Systematic Sampling
The sample is chosen by selecting a random starting point and then picking every ith element in succession from the sampling frame. The sampling interval, i, is determined by dividing the population size N by the sample size n and rounding to the nearest integer. When the ordering of the elements is related to the characteristic of interest, systematic sampling increases the representativeness of the sample.
Systematic Sampling
If the ordering of the elements produces a cyclical pattern, systematic sampling may decrease the representativeness of the sample. For example, there are 100,000 elements in the population and a sample of 1,000 is desired. In this case the sampling interval, i, is 100. A random number between 1 and 100 is selected. If, for example, this number is 23, the sample consists of elements 23, 123, 223, 323, 423, 523, and so on.
11
16
21
12
17
22
13
18
23
14
19
24
Select a random number between 1 to 5, say 2. The resulting sample consists of population 2, (2+5=) 7, (2+5x2=) 12, (2+5x3=)17, and (2+5x4=) 22. Note, all the elements are selected from a single row.
10
15
20
25
Stratified Sampling
A two-step process in which the population is partitioned into subpopulations, or strata.
The strata should be mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive in that every population element should be assigned to one and only one stratum and no population elements should be omitted.
Next, elements are selected from each stratum by a random procedure, usually SRS.
Stratified Sampling
The elements within a stratum should be as homogeneous as possible, but the elements in different strata should be as heterogeneous as possible. The stratification variables should also be closely related to the characteristic of interest. Finally, the variables should decrease the cost of the stratification process by being easy to measure and apply.
11
16
21
12
17
22
13
18
23
14
19
24
Randomly select a number from 1 to 5 for each stratum, A to E. The resulting sample consists of population elements 4, 7, 13, 19 and 21. Note, one element is selected from each column.
10
15
20
25
Cluster Sampling
The target population is first divided into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subpopulations, or clusters.
Then a random sample of clusters is selected, based on a probability sampling technique such as SRS. For each selected cluster, either all the elements are included in the sample (one-stage) or a sample of elements is drawn probabilistically (two-stage).
Cluster Sampling
Elements within a cluster should be as heterogeneous as possible, but clusters themselves should be as homogeneous as possible. Ideally, each cluster should be a small-scale representation of the population.
In probability proportionate to size sampling, the clusters are sampled with probability proportional to size. In the second stage, the probability of selecting a sampling unit in a selected cluster varies inversely with the size of the cluster.
11
16
21
12
17
22
13
18
23
14
19
24
Randomly select 3 clusters, B, D and E. Within each cluster, randomly select one or two elements. The resulting sample consists of population elements 7, 18, 20, 21, and 23. Note, no elements are selected from clusters A and C.
10
15
20
25
Strengths
Least expensive, least time-consuming, most convenient Low cost, convenient, not time-consuming Sample can be controlled for certain characteristics Can estimate rare characteristics
Easily understood, results projectable Can increase representativeness, easier to implement than SRS, sampling frame not necessary Include all important subpopulations, precision Easy to implement, cost effective
Weaknesses
Selection bias, sample not representative, not recommended for descriptive or causal research Does not allow generalization, subjective Selection bias, no assurance of representativeness Time-consuming
Difficult to construct sampling frame, expensive, lower precision, no assurance of representativeness. Can decrease representativeness
Snowball sampling
Probability sampling Simple random sampling (SRS) Systematic sampling
Difficult to select relevant stratification variables, not feasible to stratify on many variables, expensive Imprecise, difficult to compute and interpret results
Following are the points to be taken care of in deciding the sample size
- Variability in population: larger the variability larger the sample size. - Confidence attached to the estimate: assuming the normal distribution the higher the confidence the researcher wants for the estimate larger will be the sample size. - Allowable margin of error: If the researcher seeks greater precision then larger will be the sample size.
Population
2 N
Sample
X p
s2 s n
p (X-)/ /
Sx
(X-X)/S
Sp
S/X
n= Z22 e2 n=sample size Z= confidence level = population standard deviation e=margin of error
Ques1. An economist is interested in estimating the average monthly household expenditure on food items. Based on the past data, it is estimated that the std. deviation of the population on the monthly expenditure on food items is Rs. 30. with the allowable error set at Rs. 7, estimate the sample size required at a 90% confidence (Z= 1.645).
When population portion is known n= Z2pq e2 p= the value of population portion known q= 1-p
A consumer electronics co wants to determine the job satisfaction levels of its employees. For this, they ask a simple question, Are you satisfied with your job? It was estimated that no more than 30% of the employees would answer yes. What should be the sample size for this co to estimate the population proportion to ensure a 95% confidence in result, and to be within 0.04 of the true population proportion? (95% confidence level, Z= 1.96) Here, e= 0.04, p= 0.3, q= 1-p= 1- 0.3 = 0.7
0.475 0.475
_ XL
_ X
_ XU
= zsxD = R n = C2z2/R2
= p zsp D = R n = z2(1-)/(R2)
z value
1.96
1.96
1.96
$5
$5
$4
$55
$40
$30
465
246
217
Reducing Refusals
Reducing Not-at-Homes
Prior Motivating Incentives Questionnaire Follow-Up Other Design Facilitators Notification Respondents and Administration
Callbacks
Eighty initiatives were launched to implement these six strategies. result, response rates improved significantly. However, in spite of encouraging results, people at Arbitron remain very cautious. They that they are not done yet and that it is an everyday fight to keep response rates high.
Area is 0.3413
-3 35 -3
-2 40 -2
-1 45 -1
50 0
+1 55 +1
+2 60 +2
+3 Z +3
Scale
65 (=50, =5)
Z Scale
Area is 0.050
X -Z
50 0
X Scale
Z Scale
Area is 0.025
X
-Z
50
0 -Z
Z Scale