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    Modeling of Synchronous Generators: 99% of The Electric Power Allover The World Is Generated by Synchronous Generators

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    satyakar_vvk
    1) 99% of the world's electricity is generated by synchronous generators. Synchronous generators operate at a constant synchronous speed that is determined by the number of poles and the system frequency. 2) The main components of a synchronous generator are the stator, rotor, and exciter. The rotor is made up of field windings that are excited by the exciter. The stator contains armature windings that the rotating magnetic field from the rotor cuts, inducing an alternating current. 3) Armature reaction occurs when the magnetic field produced by the generator's armature current opposes the main field flux, reducing the induced voltage. This interaction is represented by the synchronous reactance in the generator's equivalent

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    Modeling of Synchronous Generators: 99% of The Electric Power Allover The World Is Generated by Synchronous Generators

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    satyakar_vvk
    69 views22 pages
    1) 99% of the world's electricity is generated by synchronous generators. Synchronous generators operate at a constant synchronous speed that is determined by the number of poles and the system frequency. 2) The main components of a synchronous generator are the stator, rotor, and exciter. The rotor is made up of field windings that are excited by the exciter. The stator contains armature windings that the rotating magnetic field from the rotor cuts, inducing an alternating current. 3) Armature reaction occurs when the magnetic field produced by the generator's armature current opposes the main field flux, reducing the induced voltage. This interaction is represented by the synchronous reactance in the generator's equivalent

    Original Description:

    Details of synchronous machines

    Original Title

    Lecture 2

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    1) 99% of the world's electricity is generated by synchronous generators. Synchronous generators operate at a constant synchronous speed that is determined by the number of poles and the system frequency. 2) The main components of a synchronous generator are the stator, rotor, and exciter. The rotor is made up of field windings that are excited by the exciter. The stator contains armature windings that the rotating magnetic field from the rotor cuts, inducing an alternating current. 3) Armature reaction occurs when the magnetic field produced by the generator's armature current opposes the main field flux, reducing the induced voltage. This interaction is represented by the synchronous reactance in the generator's equivalent

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    69 views22 pages

    Modeling of Synchronous Generators: 99% of The Electric Power Allover The World Is Generated by Synchronous Generators

    Uploaded by

    satyakar_vvk
    1) 99% of the world's electricity is generated by synchronous generators. Synchronous generators operate at a constant synchronous speed that is determined by the number of poles and the system frequency. 2) The main components of a synchronous generator are the stator, rotor, and exciter. The rotor is made up of field windings that are excited by the exciter. The stator contains armature windings that the rotating magnetic field from the rotor cuts, inducing an alternating current. 3) Armature reaction occurs when the magnetic field produced by the generator's armature current opposes the main field flux, reducing the induced voltage. This interaction is represented by the synchronous reactance in the generator's equivalent

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    Modeling of Synchronous Generators

    99% of the electric power allover the world is generated by Synchronous Generators

    System Components

    The main components of power systems are:


    Generators (Synchronous Generators). Power Transformers.

    1. 2.

    3.
    4.

    Transmission lines and cables.


    Loads: - Static (lighting, heating,) - Dynamic (Motors).

    Generators

    The Generator converts mechanical power into electrical power.


    Synchronous generators are constant speed

    generators.

    The conversion of mechanical power into electrical power is done through a coupling field

    (magnetic field).
    Input Magnetic Electrical Output

    Mechanical

    Construction

    Stator

    Armature

    Mechanical

    Electrical

    Rotor

    Field

    Synchronous Generators

    Generator

    Exciter
    View of a two-pole round rotor generator and exciter.
    (Westinghouse)

    Synchronous Generators
    CN A+
    Rotor with dc winding
    + + + + +

    B+

    Stator with laminated iron core

    Armature Windings

    ASlots with phase winding

    S BC+

    Field Windings

    Construction of a two-pole salient pole generator

    Salient Pole Generator


    Slip rings

    Pole

    Fan

    DC excitation winding

    Rotor of a four-pole salient pole generator

    Operation Concepts
    Flux f nsy CB+

    N
    -

    + + + + + -

    A-

    A+

    S
    C+

    B-

    Operating concept of a synchronous generator

    Flux Linkage
    Maximum flux linkage with phase A No flux linkage with phase A

    C+

    B+
    N

    C+

    B+

    A+

    A-

    A+

    S
    + +

    A-

    S
    +

    B-

    C+

    B-

    C+

    (a) Flux is perpendicular to phase A

    (b) Flux is parallel to phase A

    Flux linkage variation.

    Rotating Flux
    rot
    t

    link
    nsy
    CB+

    N
    A+
    -

    + + +
    30

    + +

    A-

    S
    C+

    B-

    Rotating flux linkage to phase A.

    EMF Equation
    According to Faradays law, the induced emf in the armature coil of Nsta turns is given by:

    E s (t ) N sta

    d link (t ) dt

    Esta Emax cos(t 90) Emax N sta rot N sta rot where Erms 2 Erms 4.44 N sta rot f

    link (t ) rot cos( t )


    Es (t ) N sta rot sin( t ) N sta rot cos( t 90)

    2 f

    Speed and Frequency


    nS is the synchronous speed (r/m)


    f is the frequency in Hz. 2P = total number of poles.

    Pns f 60
    Example: calculate the frequency of a 1800 rpm , 4 pole synchronous generator
    ns = 1800 r/m, 2P = 4 Then, f = 2*1800/60 = 60 Hz

    Armature Reaction
    nsy
    CB+
    + + + 30

    N
    -

    Field flux f

    + +

    AArmature flux ar C+

    A+

    B-

    The main field flux (f) and the load generated rotating fluxe (ar)

    Armature Reaction
    Load current generates a rotating flux reducing the main flux and induced voltage

    I arm (t ) 2 I sta cos( t)

    arm (t ) ar cos( t )
    E ar (t ) N sta
    E arm

    d arm (t ) N sta ar sin ( t ) dt


    2

    N sta ar

    Vt E sta E arm

    Armature Reactance
    dI (t ) d dt sin( t )

    E ar (t ) Larm

    arm

    dt Larm 2 I sta X arm

    Larm

    2 I sta cos( t )

    2 I sta sin( t )

    X arm

    N sta ar 2 I sta

    X syn X arm X leakage

    Equivalent Circuit
    E arm syn I sta ( j X syn )
    Vt E sta E arm syn E sta I sta j X syn

    Single-phase equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator.

    Phasor Diagram

    Ia

    E E E V0 I jX

    V V0

    Power Calculations
    The apparent Power S is given by

    S VI
    *

    S * V * I P jQ

    Using the current expression derived from the equivalent circuit we get

    E V0 S P jQ V0 ( ) jX VE V2 EV V2 90 j X90 X90 X X
    EV P sin X EV V2 Q cos X X

    Power Angle
    P
    Pmax = EV/X

    Power Angle characteristics

    Example

    A 1,250-kVA, three-phase, Y-connected, 4,160-V , tenpole, 60-Hz generator has an armature resistance of 0.126 ohms per phase and a synchronous reactance of 3 ohms per phase. Find the full load generated voltage per phase at a power factor of 0.8 lagging.

    Solution
    The magnitude of full load current is obtained as

    The terminal voltage per phase is taken as reference

    The synchronous impedance is obtained as

    The generated voltage per phase is calculated for a power factor of 0.8 lagging ( = -36.87).

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