Modeling of Synchronous Generators: 99% of The Electric Power Allover The World Is Generated by Synchronous Generators
Modeling of Synchronous Generators: 99% of The Electric Power Allover The World Is Generated by Synchronous Generators
Modeling of Synchronous Generators: 99% of The Electric Power Allover The World Is Generated by Synchronous Generators
99% of the electric power allover the world is generated by Synchronous Generators
System Components
1. 2.
3.
4.
Generators
generators.
The conversion of mechanical power into electrical power is done through a coupling field
(magnetic field).
Input Magnetic Electrical Output
Mechanical
Construction
Stator
Armature
Mechanical
Electrical
Rotor
Field
Synchronous Generators
Generator
Exciter
View of a two-pole round rotor generator and exciter.
(Westinghouse)
Synchronous Generators
CN A+
Rotor with dc winding
+ + + + +
B+
Armature Windings
S BC+
Field Windings
Pole
Fan
DC excitation winding
Operation Concepts
Flux f nsy CB+
N
-
+ + + + + -
A-
A+
S
C+
B-
Flux Linkage
Maximum flux linkage with phase A No flux linkage with phase A
C+
B+
N
C+
B+
A+
A-
A+
S
+ +
A-
S
+
B-
C+
B-
C+
Rotating Flux
rot
t
link
nsy
CB+
N
A+
-
+ + +
30
+ +
A-
S
C+
B-
EMF Equation
According to Faradays law, the induced emf in the armature coil of Nsta turns is given by:
E s (t ) N sta
d link (t ) dt
Esta Emax cos(t 90) Emax N sta rot N sta rot where Erms 2 Erms 4.44 N sta rot f
2 f
Pns f 60
Example: calculate the frequency of a 1800 rpm , 4 pole synchronous generator
ns = 1800 r/m, 2P = 4 Then, f = 2*1800/60 = 60 Hz
Armature Reaction
nsy
CB+
+ + + 30
N
-
Field flux f
+ +
AArmature flux ar C+
A+
B-
The main field flux (f) and the load generated rotating fluxe (ar)
Armature Reaction
Load current generates a rotating flux reducing the main flux and induced voltage
arm (t ) ar cos( t )
E ar (t ) N sta
E arm
N sta ar
Vt E sta E arm
Armature Reactance
dI (t ) d dt sin( t )
E ar (t ) Larm
arm
Larm
2 I sta cos( t )
2 I sta sin( t )
X arm
N sta ar 2 I sta
Equivalent Circuit
E arm syn I sta ( j X syn )
Vt E sta E arm syn E sta I sta j X syn
Phasor Diagram
Ia
E E E V0 I jX
V V0
Power Calculations
The apparent Power S is given by
S VI
*
S * V * I P jQ
Using the current expression derived from the equivalent circuit we get
E V0 S P jQ V0 ( ) jX VE V2 EV V2 90 j X90 X90 X X
EV P sin X EV V2 Q cos X X
Power Angle
P
Pmax = EV/X
Example
A 1,250-kVA, three-phase, Y-connected, 4,160-V , tenpole, 60-Hz generator has an armature resistance of 0.126 ohms per phase and a synchronous reactance of 3 ohms per phase. Find the full load generated voltage per phase at a power factor of 0.8 lagging.
Solution
The magnitude of full load current is obtained as
The generated voltage per phase is calculated for a power factor of 0.8 lagging ( = -36.87).