Short-circuit Calculations

ABB Ltd 03-03

Talk will cover

Short circuit calculation Demo of DOCWin

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Three phase 66/22kV

Primary 75 MVA Transformer Secondary Tertiary

66kV

22kV

IF =

V/ 3 (Zt + Zs) = 1.1035 p.u IF = 22kV/ 1.1035 = 11.5 kA 3

Zs can be neglected, % impedance voltage between pri & sec windings = 17.1% (given)
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Zt =

Usc x E2
100 x (MVA)

= 17.1 x (22)2 100 x (75)

Three phase 66/22kV

Primary 75 MVA Transformer Secondary Tertiary

66kV

22kV

Normally PG operates the transformers in parallel, total fault current = 2 x 11.5kA or nearly 25kA This gives upstream power short circuit :
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3 x 22kV x 25 kA = 1000 MVA

Consultants method
1. Upstream Network :
Psc : Upstream power short circuit in MVA : 1000 MVA Zup = U 2 / Psc = 400 2 / 1000 = 0.16 m
22kV/400V 1MVA 5% 22kV 1000MVA

2. Transformer :
ZT = Usc x U2 / Sn x 10-3 RT = Wc x XT = U2 / Sn x 10-3
Usc :short circuit voltage (%) Wc : Copper Loss (W)

4 x 1c 120mm2 XLPE flat touching on cable tray length 50m 120mm2 cable data Rc = 0.38 m/m Xc = 0.24 m/m

(ZT2 RT2)

400V

3. Cable :
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Tabel mV/A/m of cable [R + JX] :

Rc = R m/m x Lm / Xc = X m/m x Lm / 3 3

IF = ?

Consultants method
Impendance upstream network (Zup) = 0.16 m Impendance of transformer (ZT) = 8 m
22kV/400V 1MVA 5% 22kV 1000MVA

Impendance of cable : Rc = 0.38 x 50 / V3 = 10.98 m Xc = 0.24 x 50 / V3 = 6.94 m

Zc = (10.98 2 + 6.94 2) = 12.98 m 400 Fault current at A = 3 x (0.16 + 8) = 28.3 kA

4 x 1c 120mm2 XLPE flat touching on cable tray length 50m 120mm2 cable data Rc = 0.38 m/m Xc = 0.24 m/m

400V

400
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Fault current at B

= 3 x (0.16 + 8 + 12.98)

= 10.94 kA

IF = ?

Consultants method
To show why fault level at HV side can be ignored. Per unit impedance of 22kV source = 1.0 MVA 1000 MVA = 0.001 This value is insignificant compared to the transformer and cable impedance.
22kV 1000MVA 22kV/400V 1MVA 5%

4 x 1c XLPE flat touching on cable tray length 50m 120mm2 cable data Rc = 0.38 m/m Xc = 0.24 m/m 400V 120mm2

Hence the difference in total impedance up to the point of fault is negligible.

IF = ?

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US Consultants method
Sometimes Consultant is very thorough. Because UL standard 1561 allows the marked impedance of a transformer to vary + 10%, therefore the trend is to calculate worse case.
4 x 1c XLPE flat touching on cable tray length 50m 120mm2 cable data Rc = 0.38 m/m Xc = 0.24 m/m 120mm2 22kV 1000MVA 22kV/400V 1MVA 5%

Isc = fault current / 0.9

= 28.3kA / 0.9

400V

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= 31. 4 kA

IF = ?

Use ABB DOCwin software

22kV 1000MVA
U
-U1 Vref = 22000 V LLL / IT Plf = 374 kW Qlf = 181 kvar

22kV/400V 1MVA 5%

-TM1 Vr2 = 400 V Sn = 1000 kVA 2nd: LLLN / TN-S

-B3 Df = 1.00 V = 394.9 V Ib = 600.0 A Cosphi = 0.91 I"k LLL = 28.2 kA

I>

-QF5

4 x 1c XLPE flat touching on cable tray length 50m 120mm2 cable data Rc = 0.38 m/m Xc = 0.24 m/m
-B1 Df = 1.00 V = 391.3 V Ib = 600.0 A Cosphi = 0.91 I"k LLL = 23.9 kA

120mm2

-WC1 12x(1x120)+4x(1x70)+1G70 dV = 0.63 % Ib = 600.0 A Iz = 669.2 A L = 50 m

400V

-QF3 S7S 1600 PR211-I R1600

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-QF4 S7S 1600 PR211-I R1600

IF = ?

-L1 Sr = 415.69 kVA Cosphi = 0.90 Ir = 600.0 A UF = 100% dV = 2.18 %

Short-circuit current

General rules

in accordance with the rules in articles IEC 364-434.2, 434.3 and IEC 364533.2, the maximum prospective short-circuit current at the origin of the circuit and the minimum prospective short-circuit current at the end of the circuit must be determined for each circuit. the maximum prospective short-circuit current determines : the breaking capacity (Icu) of the circuit-breakers Icu than prospective Icc, the making capacity of the devices, the thermal and electrodynamic withstand of the ducts and switchgear. the minimum prospective short-circuit determines : choice of trip units (curve) and fuse when : - protection of persons depends on it (TN-IT), - cables are very long, - the source is impedant (set).
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in all cases, protection must be compatible with the cable heat stress I2dt K2 S2

Short-circuit current

General rules

for whatever type of short-circuit current (min. or max.), the protection device must clear the Isc within a time t < 5sec that is compatible with the thermal stress that can be withstood by the protected cable

I2dt k2.S2
t= k2 S2
I2

t duration in s, S cross-sectional area in mm2 I effective short-circuit current in A expressed, for a.c., as the r.m.s. value, k is a factor that takes into account the resistivity, temperature factor and heat capacity of the conductor material, and the appropriate initial and final temperatures.

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Short-circuit current

General rules
values of k for common materials, for calculation of the effects of shortcircuit current
limiting initial temperature C 70 60 85 90 80 70 105 70 60 85 90 80 limiting final temperature C 160/140 200 220 250 160 160 250 160/140 200 220 250 160

conductor material copper

insulation material pve 60C rubber 85C rubber 90C thermosetting impregnated paper mineral - conductor - sleeves and seals pvc 60C rubber 85C rubber 90C thermosetting impregnated paper

k 115/103 141 134 143 108

115 135 76/68 93 89 94 71

Aluminum

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note : where two values of limiting final temperature and k are given, the lower value relates to 2 cables having conductors with a cross-sectional area greater than 300mm

Short-circuit current

Short-circuit calculation procedure

upstream Scc

HV/LV transformer rating

Usc (%)

Isc at transformer terminals - power factor, - coincidence factor, - duty factor - foreseeable expansion factor conductor characteristics busbars : length, width, thickness. cables : type of insulation single-core or multicore, length, cross-section. environment : ambient temperature, installation method, number of contiguous circuits. breaking capacity inst. trip setting Isc of main LV switchboard outgoers breaking capacity inst. trip setting Isc at head of secondary switchboards breaking capacity inst. trip setting Isc at head of final switchboards breaking capacity inst. trip setting load rating Isc at end of final outgoers final distribution circuit breaker secondary distribution circuit breaker main circuit breaker main LV switchboard distribution circuit breaker

- feeder - current ratings - voltage drops

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Short-circuit current

Definition
a short-circuit current is an overcurrent resulting from a fault of negligible impedance between points at different potentials in normal service.

Zt =

R2 + X2

Icc3 =

U = Z

U R2 + X2
A

Zt

Zt

m)
U ZI U ZI

B
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Short-circuit current

The various short-circuits currents

three-phase fault ZL

ZSC

~
ZL ZL

I sc3 =

U/ 3 Zsc

phase-to-phase fault ZL
ZSC

~
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U ZSC

I sc2 =

ZL

U 2. Zsc

= 0,86. Isc3

Short-circuit current

The various short-circuits currents

phase-to-neutral fault
ZL ZSC

ZLn

V
ZLn

I sc1 =

U/ 3 Zsc + ZLn

= 0,5. Isc3

phase-to-earth fault
ZL
ZSC

~
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V Z(0)

I sc(0) =

U/ 3 Zsc + Z(0)

Z(0)

Short-circuit current

How to calculate a balanced short-circuit

the impedance method : used to calculate fault currents at any point in an installation with a high degree of accuracy Un Un Isck = = 3 R2 + X2 3 . Zk
k k

the composition method : which may be used when the characteristics of the power supply are not known U IscB = IscA . U + Zc . IscA

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the conventional method : which can be used when the impedance or the Isc in the installation upstream of the given circuit are not known, to calculate the Isc at the end of a line

Short-circuit current

The case of several transformers in parallel feeding a busbar

what happens with the breaking capacity of each CB

D1

D2

D1

D2

D3

D4

D4

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Short-circuit current

The case of a generator

n generator set characteristics : low short-circuit current depending on its transient reactance (2 to 5 ln), limited thermal withstand. n protection characteristics : long time protection acting quickly (<15s) for an overload of 1.5 ln, low short time protection (< 2ln).

250 KVA 400 xd = 30%

load shedding non-priority priority

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n value of Icc3 at the terminals of a set

Icc3 =
(1)

Sn V3 Un

1 Xd

; Xd (1) = transient reactance expressed as (30%)

The value of the transient reactance should be check to genset manufacture

Short-circuit current

The case of a generator

n subtransient reactance : xd in %

Xd =

Un Sn

x.xd

if no info = 20 %

n transient reactance : xd in %

Xd =

Un Sn

x.xd if no info = 30 %

n zero sequence reactance : xo in %

Xo =

Un Sn

x.xo

if no info = 6 %

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Note : to be checked to the manufacturer

Short-circuit current

Limitation : why

n Installation of current limiting circuit breakers offers

several advantages : current limiting circuit breakers considerably reduce the undesirable effects of short-circuit currents in an installation. cable heating is reduced hence longer cable life. electrodynamic forces reduced, thus electric contacts less likely to be deformed or broken. measuring equipment situated near an electric circuit less affected the cascading technique offers substantial savings on equipment, enclosures and design by using lower rated devices downstream.

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Short-circuit current

Principle of limitation

i u U arc

prospective current limited current

arc voltage

t network voltage
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Short-circuit current

What it is limitation : tables to use for applications

circuit breaker limitation capability : the limitation capability of a circuit breaker is that characteristic whereby only a current less than the prospective fault current is allowed to flow under short-circuit conditions.

kA peak

55

without limitation

25

with limitation

0
Isc prospective Isc peak

30

kA rms

example : system prospective = 30 kA rms, = 55 kA peak Limited value = 25 kA peak

prospective Isc

limited Isc peak 9x

I2 t 106

total energy let through during half cycle without limitation

limited Isc

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6 x 106

energy let through during half cycle with limitation

30

kA rms

Short-circuit current

Definition : discrimination

discrimination (selectivity), is the coordination of automatic protective devices in such a manner that a fault appearing at a given point in a network is cleared by the protective device installed immediately upstream of the fault, and by that device alone.
no discrimination discrimination

CB1

CB1

CB2

CB2

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CB1 and CB2 open

only CB2 open

why is discrimination useful ? Discrimination contributes to continuity of service, a necessity in many industrial, commercial or institutional installations.

Short-circuit current

Current discrimination

by comparing the characteristic operating curves for : limitation of the downstream circuit breaker (D1) : i2 dt no tripping energy of the upstream circuit breaker (D2) i2 dt

tripping no-tripping

D2
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D1

Short-circuit current

Full or restricted current discrimination

case of full discrimination

2 i dt

case of restricted discrimination

i dt

D2
D2

D1

D1 I
D2

Is

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Icc

D1

Short-circuit current

Improvement (continued)

n zone selective interlocking

D1

logic relay

I D2

logic relay

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D3

logic relay

III

Short-circuit current

Discrimination between HV fuses and LV circuit breaker

HV circuitbreaker

imag D

+20%

10%

"current " safety IF 1.35 ICB

HV/LV transformer D 20%

I
F 10%

Icc > minimum breaking current of HV circuitbreakers

Icc

t tF

"time" safety tF tCB 2 e.g. 0,1 =2 0,05

tD 10ms
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Short-circuit current

Definition : cascading

cascading is the use of the current limiting capacity of circuit breakers to permit

installation of lower rated and therefore lower cost downstream circuit breakers.
the principle of cascading has been recognised by the IEC 364-434.3 standard cascading can only be checked by laboratory tests and the possible

combinations can be specified only by the circuit breaker manufacturer.

comments : the upstream CB acts as a barrier against short-circuit currents.

They thus allow circuit breakers of lower breaking capacity than the prospective short-circuit current at their point of installation to operate under the stress conditions of normal breaking.

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