Continuous-Time Signals: David W. Graham EE 327

Continuous-Time Signals
David W. Graham
EE 327
2
Time is a continuous variable
The signal itself need not be continuous

We will look at several common
continuous-time signals and also
operations that may be performed on them
3
Unit Step Function u(t)
( )
<
>
=
0 0
0 1
t
t
t u
Used to characterize systems
We will use u(t) to illustrate the properties of continuous-time signals
t
1
0
4
Unit Impulse/Delta Function (t)
Used for complete characterization of systems
Response of a system to (t) allows us to know
the response to all signals
Can approximate any arbitrary waveform/signal
Not a function
It is a distribution
Difficult to make in reality, but it can be
approximated
5
Unit Impulse/Delta Function (t)
( )
A < < A
A
=
A
otherwise
t
t
0
2
1
o
Let
A A t
A 2
1
Area = 1
( ) ( ) t t
A A
= o o
0
lim
Infinitely narrow
Infinitely tall
Always has area = 1
( )
( ) 1
0
0 0
=
=
=
=
}

t t o
o
d
and
t undefined
t
t
(Area = 1)
(1)
t
Represents
Area
6
Properties of (t)
Sifting Property
Samples an arbitrary waveform at a given time instance
Given an arbitrary function f(t) and an impulse (t t
d
),
we can find the instantaneous value of f(t
d
)
Multiply the two signals together
Integrate because (t) is a distribution
f(t)
t
(1)
t
d
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
d d d
d
t f d t t f
d t f
= =
=
}
}

t t o
t t o t
Dummy variable of integration
Because (t) = 0 for all values but t
d
Can use this property to sample a CT signal to the DT domain
7
Sifting Property
For a delayed version of f(t) f(t t
1
), the sifting property
gives us a delayed version of the instantaneous value
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
t t f d t t t f d t t f
d d d d
= =
} }

t t o t t o t
ex. Find the instantaneous value (sample) of x(t) = sin
2
(t/b) at time t=a
( ) ( )
( )
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
}
} }

b
a
d a
b
a
d a
b
a
d a
b
2 2
2 2
sin sin
sin sin
t t o
t t o t t o
t
8
Properties of (t)
Relationship to the Step Function

( ) ( ) t t o d t u
t
}

=
( )
( )
dt
t du
t = o
Area of (t) always equals 1
Other Properties
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) t
a
at
t t
o o
o o
1
=
=
9
Ramp Functions
x(t) = t
Shifted ramp = B(t t
d
)

Unit ramp function, r(t)
Starts at a given time
B
t t
d
( ) ( )
<
>
= =
0 0
0
t
t t
t tu t r
t
10
Exponential Signals
x(t) = Ce
at

if C and a are real

If a is imaginary
t
a>0 a<0
a=0
Eulers Formula
u u
u
sin cos j e
j
+ =
j
e e
e e
j j
j j
2
sin
2
cos
u u
u u
u
u
=
+
=
Inverse Eulers Formula
11
Periodic Signals
Signal that repeats itself every T seconds
T=period of the signal
A signal is periodic if
x(t) = x(t + T), where T>0 for all t
Therefore, replace t with t+T
x(t + T) = x(t + 2T)
Also, x(t) = x(t + nT), n = integer
Fundamental period = minimum T that satisfies
x(t) = x(t + T)
T
0

f
0
= 1/T
0

0
= 2f
0
= 2/T
0
12
Periodic Signals
ex. Is x(t) periodic? If so, find the fundamental period of x(t)
x(t) is periodic with fundamental period T
0
= 4

because x(t) = x(t + 4) for all values of t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
t
x(t)
13
Periodic Signals
Time scaling applied to periodic signals
Let y(t) = x(at)
y(t) has period = T/|a|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
t
x(t)
ex. Let y(t) = x(2t), sketch y(t) and find the fundamental period of y(t)
The period of y(t), T
y
= T/|2| = 4/|2| = 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
t
y(t)
14
Periodic Signals
ex. What is an equation for x(t)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
t
x(t)
Remember, T
x
= 4, so everything repeats every 4 seconds
Therefore, look at only one period
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 10 8 6 4 2 = = = t u t u t u t u t u t u t x
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
=
=
m
m t u m t u t x 2 4 4
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
=
+ =
m
m t u m t u 4 2 4
Summation with delay
given by the period
15
Sinusoidal Waveforms
( ) ( )
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = + =
2
sin cos
0 0
t
| e | e t A t A t x
A = Amplitude
0
= Radian Frequency
= Phase Delay
T
f
t
t e
2
2
0
= =
t
A
-|/e
0
T
16
Time Shift
Let ( ) ( ) t A t x
0
cos e =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | e e + = = t A t t A t t x
d d 0 0
cos cos
( ) ( ) | e e e + = = t A t t A
d 0 0 0
cos cos
d
t
0
e | =
0 0
2 f
t
d
t
|
e
|
=
=
T
t
t f
d
d
t t | 2 2
0
= =
Time Shift = Time Delay
17
ex. What is the time delay of x(t)?
( ) ( ) t t 2 . 0 30 cos 10 = t t x
sec
150
1
30
2 . 0
0
= =
=
t
t
e
|
d
t
Answer
18
Operations of CT Signals
1. Time Reversal y(t) = x(-t)
2. Time Shifting y(t) = x(t-t
d
)
3. Amplitude Scaling y(t) = Bx(t)
4. Addition y(t) = x
1
(t) + x
2
(t)
5. Multiplication y(t) = x
1
(t)x
2
(t)
6. Time Scaling y(t) = x(at)

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