Technical Case Study: Pumps
Technical Case Study: Pumps
Technical Case Study: Pumps
Topic Name
Pumps
Presentation on Pumps
An Overview
Introduction Types of Pumps Features of various Pumps Selection of pumps
Performance Calculation
Installation Maintenance
Pumps Definition
The purpose of a pump is to add energy to a fluid, resulting in an increase in fluid pressure, not necessarily an increase of fluid speed across the pump.
Types of Pumps
Dynamic Pumps
Positive Displacement
Dynamic Pumps
A pump that uses the momentum of the fluid to move from inlet to outlet
Pumps that deliver a specific volume of water for each cycle, irrespective of the head that they are pumping against. Such pumps include piston, plunger and screw pumps.
Centrifugal Pumps
Very simple design Two main parts are the impeller and the diffuser Impellers
stainless steel
Impeller dia No.of impellers size of the impeller eye shaft speed
Head Capacity
Disadvantages
Loss of priming easily Efficiency depends upon operating design
Centrifugal Impellers
Impeller Vanes
Thicker the Impeller- More Water Larger the DIAMETER - More Pressure Increase the Speed - More Water and Pressure
Direction of Flow
Direction of Flow
Direction of Flow
Placing impellers in series increases the amount of head produced The head produced = # of impellers x head of one impeller
Hydraulic power ( P2) X 100/ Power input ( P1) Pump efficiency. = Hydraulic power ( P2) X 100/ Power input to pump shaft ( P3) Hydraulic Power ( P2) = Q X Total Head ( hd hs ) X p X g / 1000 Q = discharge in m/s
When the pressure falls below the vapor pressure of the liquid at a given temperature, boiling occurs and small bubbles of vapor are formed. These bubbles will grow in the low-pressure area and implode when they are transported to an area of pressure above vapour pressure. The term given to this local vaporisation of the fluid is Cavitation.
Where the liquid to be pumped is at a higher level than the pump, opening an air release cock near the pump suction will enable the air to be forced out as the pipeline fills up under the action of gravity. This is often referred to as "flooding the pump". Alternatively, an air-pumping unit can be provided to individual pumps or as a central priming system connected to several pumps. The water ring or liquid ring primer can be arranged as an individual unit mounted on the pump and driven by it, or as a motor driven unit mounted separately and serving several pumps, known as a central priming system.
surfaces of impeller and casing. Some impellers are highly polished to minimize friction loss. - Head loss in pumps due to shock at entry and exit to impeller vanes and eddies formed by vane edges. - Leakage loss in thrust balance devices, gland sealing and clearances between cut water and casing and bearing seals.
A damaged sealing ring Leaking gland Obstruction (valve partly closed/foreign body) Incorrect rotational speed Excessive vibration may be caused by Loose coupling Loose impeller Bearing damaged Impeller imbalance
Tracer Method Ultrasonic flow measurement Tank filling method Installation of online flow meter
NPSHA NPSH
Otherwise (if NPSHA < NPSHpump), the pressure at the pump inlet will drop to that of the vapor pressure of the fluid being moved and the fluid will boil. The resulting gas bubbles will collapse inside the pump as the pressure rises again. These implosions occur at the impeller and can lead to pump damage and decreased efficiency.
pumps Reduce system resistance by pressure drop assessment and pipe size optimization. Provide booster pump for few areas of higher head.
consumption. Ensure availability of instruments like pressure gauges, flow meters. Repair seals and packing to minimize water loss. Avoid valves in discharge side as far as possible. Operate pumpset during non-peak hours.
Function of valve type and valve position The complex flow path through valves can result in high head loss (of course, one of the purposes of a valve is to create head loss when it is not fully open)
Pump Installation
Installation of Pump, Motor and Base:
The foundation area should be rigid and level for maintaining pump alignment. The pump and motor assembly must be securely fastened to the base, and the base must be securely attached to the ground. For long-coupled pumps, the pump is coupled to the motor via a mechanical coupling. To prevent excessive radial loads from being applied to the pump which can cause vibration and lead to premature pump failure the pump and motor shafts must be manually aligned after final installation. On larger machines laser alignment is recommended.
Pump Installation
The pump inlet should be as close to the liquid source as practical and preferably below it. The pump and motor should be accessible for servicing and inspection. The pump and motor should be cleaned periodically to prevent the build-up of dust. Whenever possible, install suction and discharge pressure gauges as close to the pump ports for condition monitoring and for checking hydraulic conditions.
General Precautions:
Never operate the pump without safety
devices installed Never operate the pump with suction and/or discharge valves closed Never operate the pump out of its design specifications
Piping design
Cavitation Performance dropout Impeller failure Bearing and mechanical seal failures Cracked casings Leaks Spills Fires
be necessary to dismantle it to its component parts to examine them for wear. The following procedures are intended as a general guide only, and your attention should be drawn to the manufacturer's operational instructions regarding specific pump requirements before commencing to dismantle the pump.
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