Dynamics: CHE412 Process and Control

CHE412 Process Dynamics and Control
BSc (Engg) Chemical Engineering (7th Semester) Week 3 (contd.) Mathematical Modeling (Contd.) Luyben (1996) Chapter 3 Stephanopoulos (1984) Chapter 5 Dr Waheed Afzal Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore
[email protected]
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Modeling CSTRs in Series

constant holdup, isothermal Basis and Assumptions A B (first order reaction) Compositions are molar and flow rates are volumetric Constant V, , T Overall Mass Balance

= 0 1 = 0 i.e. at constant V, F3 =F2 =F1 =F0 F
So overall mass balance is not required!

F0
V1 K1 T1
F1 CA1
V2 K2 T2
F2 CA2
V3 K3 T3
Luyben (1996)
F3 CA3

constant holdup, isothermal
Component A mass balance on each tank (A is chosen arbitrarily) 1 = 0 1 11 1 2 = 1 2 22 2 3 = 2 3 33 3 kn depends upon temperature kn = k0 e-E/RTn where n = 1, 2, 3 Apply degree of freedom analysis! Parameters/ Constants (to be known): V1, V2, V3, k1, k2, k3 Specified variables (or forcing functions): F and CA0 (known but not constant) . Unknown variables are 3 (CA1, CA2, CA3) for 3 ODEs Simplify the above ODEs for constant V, T and putting = V/F
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constant holdup, isothermal
If throughput F, temperature T and holdup V are same in all tanks, then for = V/F (note its dimension is time) 1 1 1 + 1 + = 0 2 1 1 + 2 + = 1 3 1 1 + 3 + = 2 In this way, only forcing function (variable to be specified) is CA0.
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Variable Holdups, nth order
Mass Balances (Reactor 1) 1 = 0 1

(11 )
= 00 11 11(1)n

(22)
= 11 22 22(2)n
Changes from previous case: V of reactors (and F) varies with time, reaction is nth order Parameters to be known: k1, k2, k3, n Disturbances to be specified: CA0, F0 Unknown variables:
CA1, CA2, CA3, V1, V2, V3, F1, F2, F3 Include MV Controller eqns F1 F2 F1 = f(V1) F2 = f(V2)

(33)
CV
V1 (or h1)
= 22 33 33(3)n V2 (or h2)

V3 (or h3)
F3
F3 = f(V3) 5
Modeling a Mixing Process

Basis and Assumptions F (volumetric), CA (molar); Well Stirred Stephanopoulos (1984) Feed (1, 2) consists of components A and B Enthalpy of mixing is significant Process includes heating/ cooling H H is constant
2 1
Overall Mass Balance
() = 11 + 22 () = (1 + 2 ) 3 ( )
33
Q
in or out
Component Mass Balance = (1 1 + 2 2) 3 3

H3
6

Conservation of energy (recall first law of thermodynamics) = + + + Energy Balance
H1 H2
(for constant / liquid systems is zero)

H3
enthalpy balance (h is energy/mass) () = (1 + 2 ) 3 We were familiar with energy ; how to characterize h (specific enthalpy) into familiar quantities (T, CA, parameters, )
H is enthalpy, h is specific enthalpy; CP is heat capacity, cP is specific heat capacity .
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() = (1 + 2 ) 3 Since enthalpy depends upon temperature so lets replace h with h(T) 1 1 = 0 + 1 1 0 2 2 = (0) + 2 2 0 3 3 = (0) + 3 3 0 enthalpy associated with T was easy to obtain, how to obtain h(T0) 0 = 1 + 1 + 1(0) 0 = 2 + 2 + 2(0) 0 = 3 + 3 + 3(0)
and are molar enthalpy of component A and B and is heat of solution for stream i at T0.
Put values of h in overall energy balance

Re-arranging (and using component mass balance equations) 3 3 = 11 1 3 + 22 2 3 +1 1 1 0 3 3 0 + 2[2 2 0 3 3 0 ] If we assume cP1 = cP2 = cP3 = cP 3 = 11 1 3 + 22 2 3 +1(1 3) + cp2(2 3) If heats of solutions are strong functions of concentrations then 1 3 and 2 3 are significant Mixing process is generally kept isothermal (how?)
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Tips For Assessment (Exam)

Introduction + Modeling (week 1-3)
In exam, you may be asked short descriptive questions to check your understanding of process control and to prepare a mathematical model for a chemical process or processes and to make the system exactly specified (i.e. Nf = 0)
1. Consult your class notes, board proofs, discussions

2. Stephanopoulos (1984) chapters 1-5, examples and end-chapter problems 3. Luyben (1996) chapter 3 page 40 to 74. Practice examples and end-chapter problems for chapter 3.
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Week 3 Weekly Take-Home Assignment

1. Follow all the example modeling exercises in Luyben (1996) chapter 3 page 40 to 74. Practice these example processes. 2. Solve at least 10 end-chapter problems from Luyben (1996) chapter 3 (Compulsory)
Submit before Friday (Feb 7)

Curriculum and handouts are posted at: http://faculty.waheed-afzal1.pu.edu.pk/
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CHE412 Process Dynamics and Control

Modeling CSTRs in Series

= 0 1 = 0 i.e. at constant V, F3 =F2 =F1 =F0 F

So overall mass balance is not required!

Modeling CSTRs in Series

Modeling CSTRs in Series

Modeling CSTRs in Series

Mass Balances (Reactor 1) 1 = 0 1

Mass Balances (Reactor 2) 2 = 1 2

Mass Balances (Reactor 1) 3 = 2 3

= 22 33 33(3)n V2 (or h2)

Modeling a Mixing Process

Overall Mass Balance

Component Mass Balance = (1 1 + 2 2) 3 3

Modeling a Mixing Process

(for constant / liquid systems is zero)

Modeling a Mixing Process

Put values of h in overall energy balance

Modeling a Mixing Process

Tips For Assessment (Exam)

1. Consult your class notes, board proofs, discussions

Week 3 Weekly Take-Home Assignment

Submit before Friday (Feb 7)

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