Week 1 Lecture 1
Week 1 Lecture 1
Week 1 Lecture 1
Introduction By:Cik Junita Mohd Nordin 049798419/0133910593 School:PPKKP, Aras 2,Blok A, Kompleks Pengajian KUKUM
EKT313
Sem: 1 2006/2007
SYNOPSIS
OBJECTIVES: To introduce and familiarized the students to electronics elements, components and circuits used in RF communications. At the end of the course, student would also be able to design and analyze the RF communication circuits.
SYNOPSIS
TOPICS COVERED ARE: - Introductions to Electronics Communications, AM& SSB Modulations, AM Circuits, FM and FM Circuits, Radio Transmitter and Communications Receivers
ASSESSMENTS
Report
Project
LECTURE 1
REVIEW TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS PART 1
DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNICATIONS
BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATIONS
Language: human,
computer, or electronic
public speakers, actors in plays, etc. Audio: CDs, tape, records, radio Body language: non-verbal Print: newspapers, magazines, books, etc. Film: still and movie Video: movies, graphics and animation Music: personal, concerts
Radio and TV broadcasting Telephone, wired and wireless Fax Pagers Computer networks: modem, email, Internet and World Wide Web, wireless Satellites, radar, radio telescopes
TX
RX
Noise
Information to be transmitted
Received information
TYPES OF COMMUNICATIONS
TX Channel RX Simplex: One-way
TX Channel(s) RX
RX
TX
Duplex: Two-way Half duplex: Alternate TX/RX Full duplex: Simultaneous TX/RX
Time
information signal such as audio, video, or computer data. Can be analog or digital.
modulates or modifies a carrier signal, which is usually a sine wave at a frequency much higher than the baseband signal.
MODULATION
An electronic technique in which a baseband information signal modifies a carrier signal (usually a sine wave) for the purpose of frequency translation and carrying the information signal via radio.
The common types of modulation are amplitude, frequency and phase.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
The modulating (baseband) signal is a sinusoid in this example.
High-frequency carrier
The carrier frequency is normally much higher than the baseband frequency.
FREQUENCY MODULATION
The baseband signal controls the carriers frequency and the carriers amplitude remains constant.
Carrier
Modulating signal
FM
Increasing fc
Resting fc
Increasing fc
Decreasing fc
Resting fc
MULTIPLEXING
process of simultaneously transmitting two or more baseband information signals over a single communications channel.
MUX
DEMUX
Radio broadcasting (AM & FM) Television broadcasting (analog & DTV) Cable TV Wireless remote control Paging Navigation and direction finding Telemetry
Radio astronomy Surveillance RF identification (ID) Music services Telephones (wired, cordless, cellular) Facsimile Two-way radio
Radar Sonar Amateur radio Citizens and family radio Data communications Networks Internet and World Wide Web
repeating wave (periodic signal) such as one positive and one negative alternation of a sine wave. Frequency - the number of cycles of a signal that occur in one second. Period - the time distance between two similar points on a periodic wave. Wavelength - the distance traveled by an electromagnetic (radio) wave during one period.
time
One cycle
Frequency = f = 1/T
T
0 time f = 1/T
distance
30 Hz
ELF
107 m
300 Hz
VF
106 m
105 m 104 m
(f = 300/) 3 kHz
VLF
30 kHz
LF
300 kHz
MF
103 m 102 m
3 MHz
HF
Frequency
30 MHz 300 MHz
Wavelength 10 m 1m
3 GHz
30 GHz 300 GHz
10-1 m
10-2 m 10-3 m
Millimeter waves
( = 300/f) 10-4 m
HIGH FREQUENCIES
10-3 m
10-4 m 10-5 m
0.4 x 10-6 m
Ultraviolet
X-rays
Gamma rays
Wavelength
Cosmic rays
OPTICAL FREQUENCIES
Note: A micron is one millionth of a meter. Light waves are measured and expressed in wavelength rather than frequency.
Noise:unwanted signals that coincide with the desired signals. Noise is random, undesirable electric energy. Two type of noise:internal and external noise. Internal noise: Caused by internal devices/components in the circuits. External noise:noise that is generated outside the circuit. Eg: atmospheric noise,solar noise, cosmic noise, man made noise. Interference-one type of external noise Distortion: signal being distorted
The frequency spectrum of a waveform consists of all frequencies contained in the waveform and their amplitudes plotted in the frequency domain. The bandwidth of a frequency spectrum is the range of of frequencies contained in the spectrum.It is calculated by subtracting the lowest frequency from the highest.
Bandwidth of the information signal equals to the difference between the highest and lowest frequency contained in the signal. Similarly, bandwidth of communication channel is the difference between the highest and lowest frequency that the channel allow to pass through it