SMART ENERGY METER WITH NET

ENERGY METERING SYSTEM

By,
J.V.A.SRIKANTH
2210610160


An energy meter is a device that measures the
amount of electrical energy consumed by
a residence, business, or an electrically powered
device.
Electric meters are typically calibrated in billing units,
the most common one being the kilowatt hour.
Energy meter
The smart grid is a digital infrastructure that sits on top of the already
existing electrical grid.

This serves to monitor grid conditions, energy consumption and generation
as well as automate many of its operations

Improve the reliability of the electrical grid

Improve its overall efficiency

Lower costs of distribution and generation

Allow for real time monitoring of the electrical grid


What is a prepaid energy
meter???
A scheme of Electricity billing system called PREPAID
ENERGY METER WITH TARIFF INDICATOR can facilitate
in improved cash flow management in energy utilities and
can reduces problem associated with billing consumer
living in isolated area and reduces deployment of
manpower for taking meter readings.
Every consumer can buy a memory card (is nothing but an
EEPROM IC) with a password stored inside it using a MC
program
Description
The card reader will read the stored information and
delete the information from the EEPROM IC(smart
card) using the MC program,so that the smart card
cannot be reused by others.
In this project there is a provision to give an alarm
sound to consumer before the whole amount is
reduced.
Circuit diagram






The meter consists of a microcontroller, a current
feedback section consisting of a current transformer, a
signal conditioning circuit & adc.
A prepaid smart card containing a serial number &
amount has to be inserted into the meter.
This project uses regulated 5v, 500ma power supply. 7805
and 7812 three terminal voltage regulators are used for
voltage regulation.
Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac
output of secondary of 230/12v step down transformer.
Components of circuit diagram
Pin
No
Function Name
1
Address input pins; Provide addresses when more
than one EEPROM is interfaced to a single
microcontroller;
Ground when only one EEPROM is used
AD
0

2 AD
1

3 AD
2

4 Ground (0V) Ground
5 Bi-directional pin for serial data transfer Serial Data
6 Provides clock signals Serial
Clock
7 Ground allows normal read/write functions;
Vcc enables write protection
Write
protect
8 Supply voltage; 5V (up to 5.5V) Vcc




Pin Description:
Smart cards
Smart cards used here are based on eeprom technology.

Eeprom is an acronym for electrically erasable programmable read only
memory.

This module contains the password and amount of electrical charge to be
given.

This amount is then reduced according to the usage at the consumer or
individual household.

This has a provision for giving the alarm when the amount reaches the
low level.

The eeprom is then erased when it attached to the smart card reader by
the microcontroller so as to stop the reusage of the smart card.
Arduino is a single-board microcontroller to make using electronics
in multidisciplinary projects more accessible

The hardware consists of an open-source hardware board designed around
an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller, or a 32-bit Atmel ARM

The software consists of a standard programming language compiler and
a boot loader that executes on the microcontroller.

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-
platform application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for
theProcessing programming language and the Wiring projects.
After consumption of each unit of energy the meter , the meter sends a
pulse through the interrupt signal detector.

The detector interrupts the mcu.

The mcu displays the number of units used.

The eeprom saves the information regarding the tariff and units of energy
paid for.

When the total energy is consumed the relay cuts off power supply to the
load.


Net Energy metering system is used in Renewable energy resource production
and in this system every home acts as an individual power station


Thus delivering power to the grid and in which the distribution companies pay
for the delivered power by excluding the power used at the individual homes.


The individuals are paid in kwh(kilo-watt hour) delivered to the Grid.

This works out as energy supplied to the grid = Units consumed in kwh-Units
delivered to the grid.


Photovoltaic
Modules
Inverter
Isolation
Transformer
Manual
Disconnect
Automatic
Relay
Bi-Directional
Energy Meter To Grid
The photovoltaic modules produce the electricity from the sunlight received.

Then the inverter converts the dc power generated into ac power.

This is then passed through the isolation transformer.

This is then given to an automatic relay system which is used for cutoff of the
electrical power.

This is then given to bi-directional energy meter for net energy metering.

This power is then given to the grid.
The conventional electro-mechanical meters are being replaced with electronic meters to
improve accuracy in meter reading.

Asian countries are currently looking to introduce prepaid electricity meters across their
distribution network, buoyed up by the success of this novel methodology in South Africa.

The existing inherent problems with the post-paid system and privatization of state held power
distribution companies are the major driving factors for this market in Asia.

Over 40 countries have implemented prepaid meters in their markets.

. The prepaid program in South Africa was started in 1992, since then they have installed over 6
million meters.

The concept has found ground in Argentina and New Zealand with few thousands of
installations.
Advantages
A grid-connected photovoltaic power system will reduce the power bill as it is possible to
sell surplus electricity produced to the local electricity supplier.

Grid-connected PV systems are comparatively easier to install as they do not require a
battery system.


Grid interconnection of photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems has the advantage of
effective utilization of generated power because there are no storage losses involved.



A photovoltaic power system is carbon negative over its lifespan, as any energy produced
over and above that to build the panel initially offsets the need for burning fossil fuels. Even
though the sun doesn't always shine, any installation gives a reasonably predictable
average reduction in carbon consumption.

Improved operational efficiencies: The prepaid meters are likely to
cut the cost of meter reading as no meter readers are required. In
addition, they eliminate administrative hassles associated with
disconnection and reconnection. Besides, going by South Africas
experience, prepaid meters could help control appropriation of
electricity in a better way than conventional meters.
Reduced financial risks: Since the payment is up-front, it reduces
the financial risk by improving the cash flows and necessitates an
improved revenue management system.
Better customer service: The system eliminates billing delay,
removes cost involved in disconnection/reconnection, enables
controlled use of energy, and helps customers to save money
through better energy management.


Benefits of Prepaid Meters
Power sector reforms: The upcoming competitive and customer focused
deregulated power distribution market will force the market participants
to make the existing metering and billing process more competent. This is
likely to drive the prepaid market.
Increasing non-technical losses: Metering errors, tampering with meters
leading to low registration and calibration related frauds are some of the
key components of non-technical losses. India reports greater than 10
percent of non-technical losses. It has been reported that prepaid meters
control non-technical losses better than conventional ones.
Opportunities in the emerging electrifying markets: Most of the Asian
countries do not have 100 percent electrification; hence new markets are
being created by the increasing generating capacity. Prepaid systems can
be more easily introduced in such new markets rather than the existing
ones.


Market Drivers
Modem Connection Between the meters and the electricity supply office

User friendly System

GSM Technology can be used

Central database

More energy can be produced with lesser carbon footprint.

This project has various other aspects which have scope of up
gradation.

Immense future prospects.