Fourier Series
Fourier Series
Fourier Series
Introduction
A Fourier series is an expansion of a
periodic function f (t) in terms of an infinite sum
of cosines and sines
ac
f(t)
a0
Periodic Function
=
t
b1 sin t
a1 cos t
+
b2 sin 2t
a2 cos 2t
2
Fundemental frequency
where 0
T
1 t 0 T
a0
f (t ) dt
T t0
2 t 0 T
an
f (t ) cos n0t dt
T t0
2 t 0 T
bn
f (t ) sin n0t dt
t
T 0
Notice that
1 t 0 T
a0
f (t )dt
T t0
Area below graph over a period
T
Average value
dc component
[*The right sign of the area below graph must be
obeyed. +ve sign for area above x-axis & ve sign
for area below x-axis]
Symmetry Considerations
Symmetry functions:
(i) even symmetry
(ii) odd symmetry
Even symmetry
f (t ) t 2
t
f (t ) cost
t
A
+A
even
Odd symmetry
f (t ) t
t
f (t ) sin t
+A
odd
(t )dt 0
Symmetry consideration
From the properties of even and odd
functions, we can show that:
T /2
f (t ) cosntdt
bn 0
4
bn
T
T /2
f (t ) sin ntdt
0
2
T /2
2
4
an
f (t ) cos ntdt
T T / 2
T
T /2
T
2
T /2
2
f (t ) sin ntdt 0
f (t ) cos ntdt bn
T T / 2
(even) (even)
(even) (odd)
||
||
(even)
(odd)
T
2
T /2
2
a0
f (t )dt 0
T T / 2
(odd)
T /2
2
an
f (t ) cos ntdt 0
T T / 2
(odd) (even)
||
(odd)
T /2
2
4
bn
f (t ) sin ntdt
T T / 2
T
(odd) (odd)
||
(even)
T /2
f (t ) sin ntdt
0
f (t ) a0 An cos(n0t n )
n 1
(1) 2 (2) 2 :
A cos A sin a b
2
A2 (cos2 sin 2 ) a 2 b 2
A a b A a b
2
( 2)
:
(1)
A sin b
A cos
a
b
1 b
tan
tan
a
a
Hence
an cos n0t bn sin n0t An cos(n0t n )
where
bn
phase,n tan
an
1
amplitude, An a b
2
n
2
n
A0 a0
Or in phasor/complex form:
bn
An n an jbn a b tan
an
2
n
2
n
Example 1
Determine the Fourier series of the following
waveform. Obtain the amplitude and phase
spectra.
Solution
First, determine the period & describe the one period
of the function:
T=2
1, 0 t 1
f (t )
0, 1 t 2
We find that 0
T
f (t 2) f (t )
1
a0 f (t )dt
T 0
1
2
1
1
1
1
f (t )dt 1dt 0dt (1 0)
20
2 0
2
1
2
2
Or
T
2
2
2
an f (t ) cos n0tdt
T 0
sin n
sin nt
1cos ntdt 0dt
n
n 0
0
1
1
2
bn f (t ) sin n0tdt
T 0
cos nt 1 cos n
1sin ntdt 0dt
n 0
n
0
1
1
or
cos n (1) n
1 (1) n 2 / n
Therefore, bn
n
0
n odd
, n even
Finally,
1 1 (1) n
sin nt
2 n 1 n
1 2
2 n 1 n
sin nt
n odd
1 2
2
2
sin t
sin 3t
sin 5t
2
3
5
In amplitude-phase form,
1 2
f (t )
sin nt
2 n 1 n
n odd
1 2
cos(nt 90)
2 n 1 n
n odd
1 2
2
cos(t 90)
cos(3t 90)
2
3
2
cos(5t 90)
5
Amplitude spectrum:
Phase spectrum:
sin( x) sin x
cos( x) cos x
For n integers,
sin n 0
cos n (1) n
sin 2n 0
cos2n 1
Notes:
(a)
(b)
2
(c)
sin t
sin t
2
sin 3t
3
(d)
sin t
2
2
sin 3t
sin 5t
3
5
sin t
2
2
2
sin 3t
sin 5t
sin 7t
3
5
7
(e)
sin t
2
2
2
2
sin 3t
sin 5t
sin 7t
sin 9t
3
5
7
9
(f)
1 2
2
2
sin t
sin 3t
sin 23t
2
3
23
Example 2
Given f (t ) t ,
1 t 1
f (t 2) f (t )
Solution
The function is described by the following graph:
T=2
We find that 0
T
4
4
bn f (t ) sin n0tdt t sin ntdt
T 0
20
cos nt
t cos nt
2
2
dt
n 0
n
0
1
2 cos n
sin nt
2 2 2
n
n 0
1
2 cos n 2 sin n
2(1) n
2(1) n 1
2 2
0
n
n
n
n
Hence,
2(1) n 1
sin nt
n
n 1
2
1
2
1
sin t sin 2t
sin 3t
sin 4t
3
2
2
1
cos(t 90) cos(2t 90)
2
1
cos(3t 90)
cos(4t 90)
3
2
Amplitude spectrum:
0.64
0.32
0.21
0.16
Phase spectrum:
Example 3
2 t , 0 t 2
Given v(t )
0 , 2t 4
v(t 4) v(t )
0 t 12.
Solution
(i) The function is described by the following graph:
v (t)
2
T=4
We find that 0
T
2
10
12
1
1
a0 v(t )dt (2 t )dt 0dt
T 0
4 0
2
1
1
t
1
(2 t )dt 2t
40
4
2 0 2
2
Or
2 2 1
a0
4
2
1
2
2
1
an v(t ) cos n0tdt (2 t ) cos n0tdt 0
T 0
20
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
4
/
n
n
n
, n even
,
n odd
2
1
bn v(t ) sin n0tdt (2 t ) sin n0tdt 0
T 0
20
2
2
1 (2 t ) cos n0t
1 cos n0t
dt
2
n0
0 2 0 n0
2
1 sin n0t
2 2
n 0 2 n 0 0
1
sin 2n0
1
2
2 2
n 0
2n 0
n0 n
1
Hence,
1 2[1 (1) n ] nt 2
nt
cos
sin
2 2
2 n 1 n
2 n
2
a0 An cos(n0t n )
n 1
(iii) Where
An n an jbn
2
, n even
j n
2 2
j , n odd
n n
90
, n even
2
4
1 n
tan
1
, n odd
2
2
n n
2
We obtained that
A0 a0 0.5
A11 0.75 57 .5
A22 0.32 90
A33 0.22 78 .0
A44 0.16 90
v(t ) a0 An cos(n0t n )
n 1
3t
0.22 cos
78.0 0.16 cos2t 90
2
Amplitude spectrum:
Phase spectrum:
0.75
0.5
/2
0.32
3/2
0.22
0.16
57.5
90
/2
3/2 2
78.0
90
Example 4
Given
1 , 2 t 1
f (t ) t , 1 t 1
1 ,
1 t 2
f (t 4) f (t )
Solution
The function is described by the following graph:
f (t)
1
6
T=4
We find that
T
2
2
a0 f (t )dt 0
T 2
and
2
2
an f (t ) cos ntdt 0
T 2
2
4
bn f (t ) sin ntdt f (t ) sin ntdt
T 2
T 0
1
2
4
t sin ntdt 1sin ntdt
4 0
1
cos nt
t cos nt
cos nt
dt
0 0
1
1
2 2
n
n
n 0
cos 2n sin n
2 cos n 4 sin(n / 2)
2 2
2 2
n
n
n
n
since sin 2n sin n 0
1
Finally,
a0
f (t ) (an cos nt bn sin nt )
2 n 1
nt
2 cos n
sin
n
2
n 1
(1) n 1
nt
2
sin
n
2
n 1
Example 5
Compute the Fourier series expansion of f (t).
Solution
The function is described by
1 , 0 t 1
f (t ) 2 , 1 t 2
1 , 2 t 3
T=3
f (t 3) f (t )
T=3
and
2 2
0
T
3
2
4
a0 f (t )dt
T 0
T
3/ 2
1
3/ 2
4
4
3 8
f (t )dt 1dt 2dt (1 0) 2 1
3 0
2 3
1
3
Or, simply
3
2
2 Total area below graph 2
8
4
a0 f (t )dt
in a period
T0
T
3
3
2
4
an f (t ) cos ntdt
T 0
T
3/ 2
f (t ) cos ntdt
0
1
3/ 2
4
1 cos ntdt 2 cos ntdt
3 0
1
4 sin nt 4 2 sin nt
3 n 0 3 n 1
1
3/ 2
4
3n
sin n 2 sin
sin n
3n
2
4
3n
2
sin
sin
n
3n
2
2n
2 sin n sin
3
2
2n
sin
n
3
and bn 0
Finally,
a0
f (t ) (an cos nt bn sin nt )
2 n 1
4 2
2n
2nt
sin
cos
3 n 1 n
3
3
4 2 1
2n
2nt
sin
cos
3 n 1 n
3
3
Parsevals Theorem
f(t)
Pdc
Pavg
a0
=
Pa1
Pb1
b1 sin t
a1 cos t
+
Pa2
Pb2
+
a2 cos 2t
b2 sin 2t
Vpeak
2
2
V
Vrms
1 peak
2
P
R
R
2 R
2
rms
1 2
Vpeak
2
1
1
Pavg a02 (an2 bn2 ) a02 An2
2 n 1
2 n 1
2
0
1
1
Vrms a02 (an2 bn2 ) a02 An2
2 n1
2 n1
Circuit applications
Steps for applying Fourier series:
1. Express the excitation as a Fourier
series
2. Transform the circuit from the time
domain to the frequency domain
3. Find the response of the dc and ac
components in the Fourier series
4. Add the individual dc and ac responses
using the superposition principle
Example 6
The signal in Figure 6.1 is applied to the circuit in
Figure 6.2.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
is (t )
Figure 6.1
iL (t )
1H
is (t )
Figure 6.2
RL 1
Solution
(i)
is (t ) | t | , t
t , 0t
t , t 0
and
T 2
, 0 1
2
a0
T
T /2
2
1
0 is (t )dt 2 0 tdt
2 0 2
2
or
4
an
T
T /2
i (t ) cos n tdt
s
4
2 t sin nt
2 sin nt
t cos ntdt
dt
2 0
n 0 0 n
2 sin n 2 cos nt
n
n 0
2(cosn 1)
n 2
2[(1) n 1] 4 / n 2
2
n
0
, n odd
, n even
bn 0
Therefore, the Fourier series of is(t) is
4
is (t ) 2
2 n 1 n
cos nt
n odd
4
2
2 n 1 n
cos(nt 180)
n odd
4
cos(t 180)
cos(3t 180)
2
9
4
cos(5t 180)
25
(ii)
Hence,
I s0
I sn
4
n
2
I s n
I sn
1.571
180 , n 1,3,5,
1.273
0.141
0.051
(iii)
I L0
I s0
I s0
2
/2
2
ac analysis (n 1)
R j L
IL
Is
RL ( R jL)
or
I Ln
R j n L
I sn
RL ( R j n L )
, n n 0 n
1 jn 4
2 180
2 jn n
4
n 2
1 n 2 1
1 n
tan n tan
180
2
4n
2
I L0 0.785,
I L1 0.805198.43, I L3 0.124195.26,
I L5 0.048190.49
Hence,
(iv)
PI
2
L ( rms )
RL
2 1 2
I L0 I Ln RL
2 n 1
1
2
0.785 (0.805 2 0.124 2 0.048 2 ) 0.949 W
2
Example 7
The signal in Figure 7.1 is applied to the circuit in
Figure 7.2.
(i)
Find the Fourier series of vs(t).
(ii) Find the output voltage vo(t).
(iii) Plot the amplitude spectrum for the dc
component and the first three non-zero harmonics
of the output voltage vo(t).
(iv) Find the r.m.s value of vo(t) .
vs (t )
Figure 7.1
1
vs (t )
vo (t )
1F
Figure 7.2
Solution
(i)
1 , 0 t 1
vs (t )
1 , 1 t 0
and
T 2 , 0
a0 an 0
4
bn
T
T /2
v (t ) sin n tdt
s
4
cos nt
sin ntdt 2
20
n
0
1
2(1 cos n )
n
2[1 (1) n ] 4 / n
n
0
n odd
, n even
4
vs (t )
n 1 n
n odd
sin nt
n 1 n
cos(nt 90)
n odd
4
cos(t 90)
cos(3t 90)
3
4
cos(5t 90)
5
Hence,
Vs0 0
4
Vsn
90 , n 1,3,5,
n
(ii)
1
Vs0 0
Vo0 0
ac analysis (n 1)
R (1 / jC )
1 jRC
Vo
Vs
Vs
R [ R (1 / jC )]
1 j 2RC
or
1 jn RC
Von
Vsn
1 j 2n RC
1 jn
1 j 2n
4
, n n 0 n
90
1 n 2 2
1
1
tan
n
tan
2n 90
2 2
1 4n
Vo0 0,
Vo1 0.660 98.61,Vo3 0.213 93.02,
Vo5 0.128 91.82
Hence,
(iii) Vo
0.660
Von
0.213
n
0.128
(iv)
Vo ( rms)
98.61
93.02
91.82
1
Vo20 Vo2n
2 n 1
yields
e e
cos x
2
jx
jx
and
e jx e jx
sin x
j2
e jnt e jnt
bn
j2
a0 e jnt e jnt
an
2 n 1
2
e jnt e jnt
jbn
2
2 n 1
2
2
an jbn
cn
2
an jbn
cn
2
2
a0 an jbn jnt an jbn jnt
f (t )
e
e
2 n 1
2
2
n 1
c0
cn
cn
n 1
n 1
n 1
n 1
c0 cn e jnt c n e jnt
c0 cn e jnt cn e jnt
n 1
jnt
jnt
c
e
c
e
n
n
0
jnt
c
e
n
f (t ) cos ntdt
f (t ) sin ntdt
2T 0
2T 0
T
T
1
f (t ) cos ntdt j f (t ) sin ntdt
T 0
0
f (t )e jnt dt
1
c0 a0 f (t )dt
T 0
1
cn f (t )e jnt dt
T 0
an jbn 1
cn
An n
2
2
an jbn
cn
2
an2 bn2 An
cn
2
2
or
c n cn
Frms
2
n
c 2 cn
2
0
n 1
c 2 cn
2
0
n 1
Example 8
For the given function,
(i)
Obtain the complex Fourier series
(ii) Plot the amplitude and the phase spectra
of the complex Fourier series for 5 n 5
(iii) Calculate the average power and the rms value
of the signal
v (t )
e 2
1
4
Solution
(i)
Since T 2 , 0 1 . Hence
T
1
c0 v(t )dt
T 0
1
e dt
t
1 t
e
2
e 2 1
1
jn0t
cn v(t )e
dt
T 0
1
2
1
e e
t jnt
1
dt
2
(1 jn ) t
dt
1 jn 0
(1 jn ) t
e 2 (1 jn ) 1 e 2 e j 2 n 1
e 2 1
2 (1 jn)
2 (1 jn)
2 (1 jn)
since e j 2 n cos 2n j sin 2n 1 0 1
cn n0
e 1
e 1
c0
2 (1 jn) n0
2
v(t )
c e
jn0 t
e 1 jnt
e
n 2 (1 jn )
(ii)
e 2 1
1 n
cn n
0 tan
2
1
2 1 n
85
tan 1 n
1 n2
(ii)
P1
2
n
Example 9
Obtain the complex Fourier series of the function in
Example 1. Then plot the complex frequency spectra
for 4 n 4 and calculate the rms value of the signal.
Solution
0
T
1
1
1
1
c0 f (t )dt 1dt
T 0
20
2
T
1
1
jnt
cn f (t )e
dt 1e jnt dt 0
T 0
20
1
jnt
1e
j
jn
(e
1)
2 jn 0 2n
But
j
jn
Thus, cn
(e
1)
2n
j / n
j
n
[(1) 1]
2n
0
n odd
, n even
Therefore, f (t )
c e
jn 0t
1
j jnt
e
2 n n
n0
n odd
For n even,
For n odd,
0.5
cn 0,n 0
90, n 0
1
cn
, n
n
90, n 0
1
c0
2
Frms
Summary
T
T
2
2
1
2
0
, a0 f (t )dt , an f (t ) cos n0tdt , bn f (t ) sin n0tdt
T 0
T
T0
T0
T
Amplitude-phase form
f (t ) a0 An cos(n0t n )
n 1
An n an jbn
an jbn
cn
,
2
c n c
*
n
f (t )
jn0t
c
e
n
Prob.17.37, pg.803
If the sawtooth waveform in Fig.17.9 is the
voltage source vs(t) in the circuit of
Fig.17.22, find the response vo(t).
Prob.17.37, pg.803
If the periodic current waveform in
Fig.17.73(a) is applied to the circuit in
Fig.17.73(b), find vo.
is (t )
3
0
1
(a)
(b)
Problem
v s (t )
Rs 1
C 1 F
v s (t )
Ro 1
vo (t )
(i)
(ii)
(ii)
QUIZ 1
Given the Fourier series expansion of the
voltage signal vs(t) is
10
vs (t ) 5
n 1 n
1H
sin nt
vs (t )
1H
vo (t )
Quiz1
Determine the Fourier series of the following
waveform.
v(t )
QUIZ 2
Find i(t) if v(t) is the signal as given in QUIZ 1.
1 2
v(t )
2 n 1 n
n odd
1 2
sin nt
2 n 1 n
n odd
cos(nt 90)
QUIZ 3
Find the output voltage vo(t) if the current
source is(t) is given by
2
is (t ) 1
cos(nt 90 )
n 1 n
3
is (t )
0. 5 F
vo (t )
QUIZ 4
Using time differentiation technique, find the
Fourier transform of f(t).