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    Digital Logic & Design

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    Seham123123
    The document discusses digital logic and design, including: - Analog quantities that are continuous versus digital values that are discrete. - How continuous signals can be represented digitally through sampling and converting to discrete digital values. - Key aspects of digital systems like using two voltage levels to represent two states. - Different number systems used in digital logic like binary, decimal, hexadecimal, and octal. - How numbers are represented and arithmetic is performed in these different number systems.

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    Digital Logic & Design

    Uploaded by

    Seham123123
    35 views61 pages
    The document discusses digital logic and design, including: - Analog quantities that are continuous versus digital values that are discrete. - How continuous signals can be represented digitally through sampling and converting to discrete digital values. - Key aspects of digital systems like using two voltage levels to represent two states. - Different number systems used in digital logic like binary, decimal, hexadecimal, and octal. - How numbers are represented and arithmetic is performed in these different number systems.

    Original Description:

    yujj

    Original Title

    Design 1

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    The document discusses digital logic and design, including: - Analog quantities that are continuous versus digital values that are discrete. - How continuous signals can be represented digitally through sampling and converting to discrete digital values. - Key aspects of digital systems like using two voltage levels to represent two states. - Different number systems used in digital logic like binary, decimal, hexadecimal, and octal. - How numbers are represented and arithmetic is performed in these different number systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    35 views61 pages

    Digital Logic & Design

    Uploaded by

    Seham123123
    The document discusses digital logic and design, including: - Analog quantities that are continuous versus digital values that are discrete. - How continuous signals can be represented digitally through sampling and converting to discrete digital values. - Key aspects of digital systems like using two voltage levels to represent two states. - Different number systems used in digital logic like binary, decimal, hexadecimal, and octal. - How numbers are represented and arithmetic is performed in these different number systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 61

    Digital Logic & Design

    Analogue Quantities
    Continuous Quantity

    Intensity of Light

    Temperature

    Velocity

    Digital Values

    Discrete set of values

    Continuous Signal
    45
    40

    temperature 0C

    35
    30
    25
    20
    15
    10
    5
    0
    1

    8
    time

    10

    11

    12

    13

    14

    15

    Continuous Signal
    45
    42

    40

    temperature 0C

    35

    35

    34

    41

    37

    30

    29

    25

    25

    20

    25

    23

    22

    18

    15
    10
    7

    5
    1

    0
    1

    2
    2

    8
    time

    10

    11

    12

    13

    14

    15

    Digital Representation
    45
    42

    40

    temperature 0C

    35

    35

    34

    41

    37

    30

    29

    25

    25

    20

    25

    23

    22

    18

    15
    10
    7

    5
    1

    0
    1

    2
    2

    samples

    10

    11

    12

    13

    14

    15

    Under Sampling
    45
    40

    temperature 0C

    35
    30
    25
    20
    15
    10
    5
    0
    1

    samples

    11

    13

    15

    Digital Systems

    Two Voltage Levels


    Two States
    On/Off
    Black/White
    Hot/Cold
    Stationary/Moving

    Binary Number System

    Binary Numbers

    Representing Multiple Values

    Advantages of Digital Systems

    Efficient Processing & Data Storage


    Efficient & Reliable Transmission
    Detection and Correction of Errors
    Precise & Accurate Reproduction
    Easy Design and Implementation
    Occupy minimum space

    Information Processing

    Numbers
    Text
    Formula and Equations
    Drawings and Pictures
    Sound and Music

    Number Systems and Codes

    Decimal Number System


    Binary Number System
    Hexadecimal Number System
    Octal Number System

    Decimal Number System

    Ten unique numbers 0,1..9


    Combination of digits
    Positional Number System
    275 = 2 x 102 + 7 x 101 + 5 x 100
    Base or Radix 10
    Weight 1, 10, 100, 1000 .

    Representing Fractions

    Fractions can be represented in decimal number


    system in a manner
    = 3 x 102 + 8 x 101 + 2 x 100 + 9 x 10-1
    + 1 x 10-2
    = 300 + 80 + 2 + 0.9 + 0.01
    = 382.91

    Binary Number System

    Two unique numbers 0 and 1


    Base 2
    A binary digit is a bit
    Combination of bits to represent larger values

    Binary Number System


    Decimal Number

    Binary Number

    Decimal Number

    Binary Number

    10

    1010

    11

    1011

    10

    12

    1100

    11

    13

    1101

    100

    14

    1110

    101

    15

    1111

    110

    16

    10000

    111

    17

    10001

    1000

    18

    10010

    1001

    19

    10011

    Combination of Binary Bits

    Combination of Bits
    100112 = 1910
    = (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21)
    + (1 x 20)
    = (1 x 16) + (0 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2)
    + (1 x 1)
    = 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1
    = 19

    Fractions in Binary

    Fractions in Binary
    1011.1012 = 11.625
    = (1 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (1 x 20)
    + (1 x 2-1) + (0 x 2-2) + (1 x 2-3)
    = (1 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (1 x 1)
    + (1 x 1/2) + (0 x 1/4) + (1 x 1/8)
    = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0 + 0.125
    = 11.625
    Floating Point Notations

    Decimal-Binary Conversion

    Binary to Decimal Conversion


    Sum-of-Weights
    Adding weights of non-zero terms

    100112
    (1 24 ) (0 23 ) (0 2 2 ) (1 21 )
    (1 2 )
    0

    Terms 16,0,0.2 and 1


    19

    Decimal-Binary Conversion

    Binary to Decimal Conversion


    Sum-of-Weights
    Adding weights of non-zero terms

    Decimal-Binary Conversion

    Binary to Decimal Conversion


    Sum-of-Weights
    Adding weights of non-zero terms

    100112 16 2 1 19
    1011.1012 8 2 1 1
    2
    8
    11 5
    8
    11.625

    Binary to Decimal Conversion

    Sum-of-Weights
    Expression base number & weights
    Sum terms
    Paper and pencil method
    Sum of non-zero terms
    Mental Arithmetic, quick method
    Sum of weights of non-zero terms

    Binary to Decimal Conversion

    Sum-of-Weights
    100112
    (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21)
    + (1 x 20)
    Terms 16, 0, 0, 2 and 1
    19

    Binary to Decimal Conversion

    Add weights of non-zero terms


    Weights increase/decrease by power of 2
    100112 = 16 + 2 + 1 = 19
    1011.1012 = 8 + 2 + 1 + 1/2 + 1/8
    = 11 + 5/8
    = 11.625

    Decimal to Binary Conversion

    Sum-of-Weights method used in reverse


    Highest binary weight less than the decimal
    number
    Subsequent smaller weights that add up to
    decimal number
    Repeated division by 2
    Paper and pencil method
    Number repeatedly divided by 2

    Binary-Decimal fraction conversion

    Binary to Decimal Conversion


    Sum-of-Weights method
    Weights decrease by a factor of 2
    0.11012 weights , , 1/16
    Sum up to 0.8125
    Decimal to Binary Conversion
    Repeated Multiplication by 2
    example

    Decimal-Binary fraction conversion

    Decimal to Binary Conversion


    Repeated multiplication by 2
    Number

    Mult. By 2

    Integer

    0.8125

    1.625

    (b-1)

    0.625

    1.250

    (b-2)

    0.250

    0.500

    (b-3)

    0.500

    1.000

    (b-4)

    Binary Arithmetic

    Binary Addition
    Binary Subtraction
    Binary Multiplication
    Binary Division

    Binary Addition

    Four Basic rules for binary addition

    1st digit
    0
    0
    1
    1

    2nd digit Sum


    0
    0
    1
    1
    0
    1
    1
    0

    Carry
    0
    0
    0
    1

    Addition of multiple binary numbers

    Binary Addition

    Carry

    10

    1st Number

    2nd Number
    3rd Number

    4th Number
    Result

    Binary Subtraction

    Four Basic rules for binary subtraction

    1st digit
    0
    0
    1
    1

    2nd digit Difference


    0
    0
    1
    1
    0
    1
    1
    0

    Borrow
    0
    1
    0
    0

    Binary Subtraction

    Borrow
    1st Number

    1
    1

    2nd Number

    Result

    Binary Multiplication

    Four Basic rules for binary multiplication

    1st digit
    0
    0
    1

    2nd digit Product


    0
    0
    1
    0
    0
    0

    Example of Binary Multiplication

    Binary Multiplication

    1st product term


    2nd product term
    3rd product term
    Product

    1101
    x
    101
    1101
    0000
    1101
    1000001

    (13)
    (5)

    (65)

    Binary Division
    10
    101 | 1101
    101
    011
    000
    11

    Hexadecimal Number System

    Base 16
    0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
    Representing Binary in compact form
    11011000001102 = 1B06 H

    Counting in Hexadecimal
    Decimal Binary

    Hexadecimal

    Decimal Binary

    Hexadecimal

    0000

    1000

    0001

    1001

    0010

    10

    1010

    0011

    11

    1011

    0100

    12

    1100

    0101

    13

    1101

    0110

    14

    1110

    0111

    15

    1111

    Counting in Hexadecimal
    Decimal HexaDecimal
    16
    10

    Decimal HexaDecimal
    24
    18

    Decimal HexaDecimal
    32
    20

    17

    11

    25

    19

    33

    21

    18

    12

    26

    1A

    34

    22

    19

    13

    27

    1B

    35

    23

    20

    14

    28

    1C

    36

    24

    21

    15

    29

    1D

    37

    25

    22

    16

    30

    1E

    38

    26

    23

    17

    31

    1F

    39

    27

    Binary-Hexadecimal Conversion

    Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion


    11010110101110010110
    1101 0110 1011 1001 0110
    D
    6
    B
    9
    6

    Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion


    FD13
    1111 1101 0001 0011

    Decimal-Hexadecimal Conversion

    Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion


    Indirect Method
    Decimal Binary Hexadecimal
    Repeated Division by 16

    Decimal-Hexadecimal Conversion

    Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion


    Indirect Method
    Hexadecimal Binary Decimal
    Sum-of-Weights

    Hexadecimal Addition & Subtraction

    Hexadecimal Addition
    Carry generated
    Hexadecimal Subtraction
    Borrow weight 16

    Repeated Division by 16

    Number

    Quotient

    Remainder

    2096

    131

    131

    Sum-of-Weights
    CA02
    (C x 163) + (A x 162) + (0 x 161) + (2 x 160)
    (12 x 163) + (10 x 162) + (0 x 161) + (2 x 160)
    (12 x 4096) + (10 x 256) + (0 x 16) + (2 x 1)
    49152 + 2560 + 0 + 2
    51714

    Hexadecimal Addition
    Carry
    +

    1
    2AC6
    92B5
    BD7B

    6+5=11d Bh
    C+B=23d 17h
    A+2+1=13d Dh
    2+9=11d Bh

    Hexadecimal Subtraction
    Borrow
    -

    111
    92B5
    2AC6
    67EF

    21-6=15d Fh
    26-C=14d Eh
    17-A=7d 7h
    8-2=6d 6h

    Octal Number System

    Base 8
    0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
    Representing Binary in compact form
    11011000001102 = 154068

    Counting in Octal
    Decimal
    0
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7

    Binary
    000
    001
    010
    011
    100
    101
    110
    111

    Octal
    0
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7

    Counting in Octal
    Decimal Octal Decimal Octal
    8
    10
    16
    20
    9
    11
    17
    21

    Decimal Octal
    24
    30
    25
    31

    10
    11
    12
    13
    14
    15

    26
    27
    28
    29
    30
    31

    12
    13
    14
    15
    16
    17

    18
    19
    20
    21
    22
    23

    22
    23
    24
    25
    26
    27

    32
    33
    34
    35
    36
    37

    Binary-Octal Conversion

    Binary to Octal Conversion


    11010110101110010110
    011 010 110 101 110 010 110
    3
    2
    6 5 6 2
    6

    Octal to Binary Conversion


    1726
    001 111 010 110

    Decimal-Octal Conversion

    Decimal to Octal Conversion


    Indirect Method
    Decimal Binary Octal
    Repeated Division by 8

    Decimal-Octal Conversion

    Octal to Decimal Conversion


    Indirect Method
    Octal Binary Decimal
    Sum-of-Weights

    Octal Addition & Subtraction

    Octal Addition
    Carry generated
    Octal Subtraction
    Borrow weight 8

    Repeated Division by 8

    Number

    Quotient

    Remainder

    2075

    259

    (O0)

    259

    32

    (O1)

    (O2)

    (O3)

    Sum-of-Weights
    4033
    (4 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (3 x 81) + (3 x 80)
    (4 x 512) + (0 x 64) + (3 x 8) + (3 x 1)
    2048 + 0 + 24 + 3
    2075

    Octal Addition
    Carry

    1
    7602
    + 5771
    15573

    2+1=3d 3O
    0+7=7d 7O
    6+7=13d 15O
    1+7+5=13d 15O

    Octal Subtraction
    Borrow
    -

    11
    7602
    5771
    1611

    2-1=1d 1O
    8-7=1d 1O
    13-7=6d 6O
    6-5=1d 1O

    Alternate Representations

    BCD Code
    BCD Addition
    Gray Code

    Alternate Representations

    BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) Code

    Decimal
    0
    1
    2
    3
    4

    BCD
    0000
    0001
    0010
    0011
    0100

    Decimal
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9

    BCD
    0101
    0110
    0111
    1000
    1001

    BCD Addition

    Multi-digit BCD numbers can be added together


    23
    0010 0011
    45
    0100 0101
    68
    0110 1000
    23
    0010 0011
    48
    0100 1000
    71
    0110 1011
    1011 is illegal BCD number

    BCD Addition

    Add a 0110 (6) to an invalid BCD number


    Carry added to the most significant BCD digit
    23
    48
    71

    0010 0011
    0100 1000
    0110 1011
    0110
    0111 0001

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