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Krar Unit 77

CNC cam

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131 views

Krar Unit 77

CNC cam

Uploaded by

nileshvrana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PowerPoint to accompany

Technology of Machine Tools


6th Edition

Krar Gill Smid

CNC Turning
Center
Unit 77

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.


Permission required for reproduction or display.

77-2

Objectives
State the purpose and functions of
chucking, turning, and turning/milling
centers
Identify the applications of computer
numerical control (CNC) for turning
centers
Name the machining operations that
may be performed simultaneously

77-3

CNC Turning Center


In mid-1960, 40% all metal-cutting
operations performed on lathes
Not very efficient

Research led to development of numerically


controlled turning centers and chucking
lathes
Could produce round work almost any contour
automatically and efficiently

77-4

Three Main Types of


Turning Centers
1. CNC chucking center

Holds part in some form of jaw chuck


Some have dual spindles (work both ends)

2. CNC universal turning center

Can use continuous bar feed system to


machine and cut off parts from bar
Some have dual tool turrets

3. Combination turning/milling center

Uses combination of turning tools

77-5

CNC Chucking Center


Designed to machine work held in chuck
Variety of sizes from 8 to 36 in. in diameter
Four-axis chucking center has two turrets
Type
of chucking center
Separate
sides; each machine work at same time
discussed in rest of slides
Seven-tool upper turret
Seven-tool lower turret

Two-axis model has one or two turrets


Will drive only one turret at a time

77-6

Construction
Main operative parts of all turning centers
basically same
Framework components and CNC components

Bed and machine frame must be rugged


Heavy, one-piece cast-iron casting or polymer
cast base
Slanted 40 from vertical plane

77-7

Turning
Center Parts
Framework
Components

Bed

Headstock

Carriage

Cross slide
Turret Housing

CNC
Components

MCU

Servos

77-8

Tooling
Toolholders for machining
Outside diameters located in lower turret and
are preset
Inside diameter mounted in dovetailed block
and preset off machine by tool-setting gage
Mounted on upper turret

Automatic tool-setting probe used for


presetting tools
Available on some machines

77-9

Computer Numerical Control


Microprocessor
controls logic calculations, mechanism control
and input-output control

Video display
Visual output of data, processes, and diagnostics

Input unit
Keyboard and/or diskettes used to communicate
with system, enter setup and data

Program storage

77-10

CNC Turning Center


Designed mainly for machining shaft-type
workpieces supported by chuck and heavyduty tailstock center
On four-axis machines, two opposed turrets,
mounted on separate cross-slides
One above and one below center line of work
Balance cutting forces so extremely heavy cuts
can be taken on workpiece

77-11

Other Operations Can Be


Performed by Dual Turrets
Roughing and finishing cuts in one pass
Machining different diameters on shaft
simultaneously
Finish-turning and threading simultaneously
Cutting two different sections of shaft at
same time

77-12

Other Turning Center Equipment


Steadyrest
Allow facing and threading on end of shafts

Follower rest
Used to support long, thin shafts

Bar-feeding mechanism
Permits machining of shafts and parts from bar
stock smaller than spindle through-hole

Production part loader


Can complete part changeover when individual
precut shafts machined

77-13

Combination Turning/Milling
Center
Allows operations such as drilling, milling,
and tapping to be performed on part while
still in machine
Special tool turret contains pockets that
have own drive for live tools
Drilling and tapping can be performed if
machine has contouring spindle
Can be indexed to exact locations around
circumference of workpiece

77-14

Programming Considerations
Programmer must be able to analyze part
print and decide on sequence of machining
operations
Good practice to develop habit of labeling
start and end points for both roughing and
finishing operations
Be certain the programming format suits
your equipment before machining parts

77-15

Typical Tooling System

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.


Permission required for reproduction or display.

77-16

Inserts
Made from many types of material
Great variety to suit any workpiece material
or machining operation
Include carbide, coated carbide, ceramic,
cermet, cubic boron nitride, and diamond
coating

Standardized so most inserts fit in same


holders

77-17

Tool Nose Radius Compensation


Wide variety of tool nose radii
Starting with sharp point and increase in
1/64 in. increments from 1/64 to 1/8 in.

Theoretical sharp point of tool is


programmed
Does not position tool at correct location

G41 or G42 turns on tool nose radius for


finish cuts
Radius of each insert stored in numbered
tool list of control tool management system

77-18

Tool Offsets
Programmer must provide tool setup sheet
for setup operator
MCU will calculate correct position at
which tool should be located to accurately
machine part

77-19

Diameter Versus Radius


Programming
Method used determined by preset
parameters within machine control unit or
by correct G-code
Diameter (default)
Part print drawn complete with both sides of
centerline and full diameter dimensions

Radius
Part print drawn on just one side of centerline

77-20

Establish Part Zero


Programmer's choice to place part zero at
most convenient location
Location of X axis usually centerline of part
Z axis either:
Right-hand (tailstock) end of part
Movements into part will be negative numbers (-Z)

Left-hand (chuck) end of part


Movements into part will be positive numbers (Z)

77-21

Codes
Function of some G-codes and M-codes
may differ from function of those on
machining center
Many of common turning center G-codes
and M-codes that conform to EIA standards
shown in tables 77.1 and 77.2 in textbook

77-22

Programming Procedures
CNC control units can vary from
manufacturer to manufacturer
Important to follow programming manual
supplied for each machine

This textbook concentrates on two classes of


CNC machines:
Bench-top teaching model
Standard turning center

77-23

Bench-Top Teaching Machines


Very easy to program and ideal for teaching
Perform turning operations similar to larger
machines
Except smaller workpieces and lighter cuts

Relatively inexpensive
Most of B- and M- codes apply to both
bench-top CNC turning lathes and
standard-size turning centers
Few variations

77-24

Simple Programming

Example of notes and code to machine a sample


part (radius programming)
Program Notes
1. Program in absolute mode (G90)
2. All programming begins a zero point, centerline and
right-hand face of part
3. Carbide tool will be used for all operations
4. Use radius programming
5. Position established to right front corner for safety
6. Material aluminum; cutting speed 600 sf/min, feed rate
at .010 in.

77-25

Programming Sequence (sample code)


%

Rewind stop code/parity check.

N10 G24

N20 G92 X.690 Z.1


N30 M03

Number of instruction
Command to MCU

N40 G00 X.590 Z.050

Information needed
N50 G84 X.500 Z-1.250 F.010 H.050
to carry out
command
N60 G00 X.500 Z.050
N70 G84 X.400 Z-.750 F.010 H.050
N80 G00 X.400 Z.050
:
:

77-26

Programming Sequence (sample code)


%

Rewind stop code/parity check.


G92G24 Reference
point
offset
Radius
programm
N10 G24
X.690 Tool located .100 in. off
N20 G92 X.690 Z.1
outside finish diameter
N30 M03
M03
Spindle
ON clockwise
from
part centerline
(X
G00 (point
Rapid
N40 G00 X.590 Z.050
a)traverse rate
Full
code.100
with
X.590
Tool
located
.590
Z.1
Tool
located
in. in.
to
N50 G84 X.500 Z-1.250 F.010 H.050
from
part
centerline
(poin
right
ofdescriptions
part face (Z0)
N60 G00 X.500 Z.050
text Follow
Z.050 Toolinlocated
.050 in.
through
forpart
betterface
N70 G84 X.400 Z-.750 F.010 H.050
from
understanding!
N80 G00 X.400 Z.050
:
:

77-27

Standard-Size Turning Center


To introduce additional machining and use
of diameter programming, a full sample
program is given in the text
Complete with program notes and code with
explanations
Similar to previous example

77-28

Turning Center Setup


Before setup, become familiar with control
panel and operational procedures
Power on to machine:
Turn on servos and zero out/align all axes so
control knows location of machine home
position
Load program if not already in memory
Check manuscript, and prepare tools listed by
programmer

77-29

Program Test Run


Part never machined without test running
program first
Some controls have control screen which allows
visual progression through program without
cutting part
Dry run program without part
Use step/single block mode and feedrate override to
slow programmed rate
Finger on hold button in case of error in program
Good idea to know where emergency stop button located

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