Beidel Pptch1 QBS
Beidel Pptch1 QBS
Beidel Pptch1 QBS
Chapter 1
Abnormal Psychology:
Historical and Modern
Perspectives
Chapter Outline
Normal vs. Abnormal Behavior
The History of Abnormal Behavior and
Its Treatment
Current Views of Abnormal Behavior and
Treatment
Deviant behavior
Behaviors straying from societal norms or
standards
Began purchasing
and stockpiling guns
Called himself The
Joker from Batman
Does being a loner and
socially awkward
constitute abnormal
behavior?
Behaving dysfunctionally
Patterns of behavior that interfere with normal daily
routines, such as ones social, occupational, and
emotional functioning, causing significant distress
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Inconsistent
with cultural
norms
Abnormal
Behavior
Emotional
Distress
Inconsistent
with
developmental
norms
Interferes with
daily
functioning
vs.
Dimensional
Abnormal behavior is
constantly changing
Things to consider:
-Abnormal behavior can be
placed on a continuum
-Incorporates quantitative
criteria versus an all or
nothing way of thinking
Fact or Fiction?
Fact or fiction?
Fact or fiction?
Socioeconomic
status (SES)
Education level
Biological
changes (particularly
hormonal changes
associated with
puberty)
Downward
drift is
impairment as a result of
psychological disorder.
Evidence:
-No objective scientific
data
-Lack of physical proof
Key Points: Research shows 36% of children will be diagnosed with a mental
illness by the age of 16, and 46% of all adults in the United States will suffer
from a psychological disorder at some point in their lives.
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Behaviorism
1. Ivan Pavlov and John B.
Watson
2. Pavlovs dogs and
classical conditioning
3. Little Albert
4. Little Peter
5. Behavior can be learned
and unlearned
Quick Recap
1. During _____, people believed abnormal
behavior stemmed from an imbalance of
humours, which consisted of blood, black
bile, yellow bile, and phlegm.
(a) ancient times
(b) the Middle Ages
(c) the classical period (Greek and Romans)
(d) the Renaissance
Quick Recap
2. During the ______, the emphasis was on
viewing people with mental illness as
worthy of receiving respect and kindness,
and incorporating moral treatment as the
method of care.
(a) Roman period
(b) Middle Ages
(c) twentieth century
(d) nineteenth century
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 1.4
Neurotransmitters:
chemicals that
transmit information
to and from neurons
Soma: keeps
the cell alive
Axon: tube-like
structures that carry
messages to the cells
Synapse: space
between neurons
Biological Models
Biological scarring years of living with a
disorder causes changes in the brain
Behavioral
genetics.
Hereditary factors
Brain malfunctioning or structural
abnormalities
Viral infection theory when a fetus is
exposed to toxins or a virus while in the
prenatal stage of pregnancy, or shortly after
birth
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fact or Fiction?
Fact or fiction?
Fact or fiction?
Psychological Models
Psychoanalysis
- Founder Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
- Three regions of the mind: id, ego, and superego
- Defense mechanisms used as a way to prevent or
cause abnormal behavior
- Psychosexual stages of development: oral phase, anal
phase, phallic phase, latency phase, and genital phase
- Treatment options centered around: dream analysis,
interpretation, free association, insight, and catharsis
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychological Models
Modern Psychoanalytic
- Carl Jung and the development of analytic therapy
- Alfred Adler and the development of individual
psychology
- Contemporary models of psychoanalysis
- Ego psychology
- Object relations theory
Psychological Models
Behavioral
- We are Products and Producers of our environment,
meaning we learn our behaviors, or in some cases we
adopt maladaptive behaviors as a source of coping
- Vicarious conditioning is learning by observing a
persons behavior and then incorporating that into
your own way of behaving
- Behavior is learned in a variety of fashions, such as
social learning, operant conditioning, reinforcement,
and punishment
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychological Models
Cognitive
- Founder Aaron Beck (1921- )
- Perception is our Reality, meaning how we perceive the
occurrence of an event or situation impacts how we act,
think, and feel
- According to Beck, three distorted views exist for
someone with depression: negative view of self, the world,
and the future
- Treatment is focused on changing these distorted
cognitions or thoughts through the use of behavioral
experiments and traditional narrative or talk therapy
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychological Models
Humanistic
1. Founder Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
He believed abnormal behavior originates when ones self
image and actual self are incongruent, thus limiting a
persons ability to achieve her or his full potential
Phenomenology is the term meaning ones worldview
2. Client-centered therapy
Genuineness
Empathic understanding
Unconditional positive regard
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
1.
Social norms
Socioeconomic
status
Cultural expectations
Presence or absence
of social support
Interpersonal
resources
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 1.5
A biopsychosocial
way of thinking!
Cognitive model
Distorted thoughts about
ones body weight and
appearance
Sociocultural model
Psychological model
Societal and familial
Inability to cope with
influences on the view of
stress
beauty, emphasizing thin ideal
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
1. Abnormal behavior is sometimes challenging to
define.
2. Two primary considerations are the presence of
functional impairment and/or emotional distress
impacting functioning.
3. Abnormal behavior is defined as behavior that is
inconsistent with the individuals developmental,
cultural, and societal norms; creates significant
emotional distress; or interferes with daily
functioning.
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
4. Behavior must always be considered within the
context in which it occurs.
5. To understand abnormal behavior it is best to adopt
a scientist-practitioner approach.
6. A variety of theories exist surrounding the
development of abnormal behavior; however, it is
best to incorporate a holistic or multidisciplinary
approach to both the development of and treatment
of abnormal behavior.