An engineering drawing is a technical drawing used to define requirements for engineered items. It captures all geometric features of a product or component to allow manufacturers to produce it. Engineering drawings use lines to represent surfaces, edges, and contours according to standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, and appearance. Standards help ensure drawings convey the same meaning to all readers so the component can be accurately manufactured.
An engineering drawing is a technical drawing used to define requirements for engineered items. It captures all geometric features of a product or component to allow manufacturers to produce it. Engineering drawings use lines to represent surfaces, edges, and contours according to standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, and appearance. Standards help ensure drawings convey the same meaning to all readers so the component can be accurately manufactured.
An engineering drawing is a technical drawing used to define requirements for engineered items. It captures all geometric features of a product or component to allow manufacturers to produce it. Engineering drawings use lines to represent surfaces, edges, and contours according to standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, and appearance. Standards help ensure drawings convey the same meaning to all readers so the component can be accurately manufactured.
An engineering drawing is a technical drawing used to define requirements for engineered items. It captures all geometric features of a product or component to allow manufacturers to produce it. Engineering drawings use lines to represent surfaces, edges, and contours according to standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, and appearance. Standards help ensure drawings convey the same meaning to all readers so the component can be accurately manufactured.
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Engineering Drawing
Effectiveness of Graphics Language
1. Try to write a description of this object. 2. Test your written description by having someone attempt to make a sketch from your description. You can easily understand that
The word languages are inadequate for describing the
size, size shape and features completely as well as concisely. 2
Composition of Graphic Language
Graphic language in engineering application use lines to represent the surfaces, surfaces edges and contours of objects. The language is known as drawing drawing or drafting drafting . A drawing can be done using freehand, freehand instruments or computer methods.
Introduction An engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing, used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineered items, and is usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance size, etc. Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or a component. The end goal of an engineering drawing is to convey all the required information that will allow a manufacturer to produce that component. 4
Purpose of an Engineering Drawing An engineering drawing is not an illustration.
1. 2. It is a specification of the size and shape of a part or assembly. 3. The important information on a drawing is the dimension and tolerance of all of its features.
Importance of technical graphics Technical drawings: A language used in the design process for communicating, solving problems, quickly and accurately visualizing objects, and conducting analysis A graphical representation of objects and structures and is done using freehand, mechanical, or computer methods
Users of engineering and technical graphics in industry
From traditional linear design process to
newconcurrent design process Traditional: A linear, segmented activity involving problem identification, preliminary ideas, design refinements, analysis, optimization, and documentation Concurrent: A team activity involving coordination of the technical and non-technical functions of design and manufacturing within a business
The CAD database becomes a communication medium.
Samples of drawing conventions and
standards
Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language and word language. language Graphics language Describe a shape (mainly).
Word language Describe size, location and specification of the object. 9
Basic Knowledge for Drafting
Word language
Graphics language Line types
Projection method
Geometric construction
Lettering
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PROJECTION METHOD
PROJECTION METHOD
Perspective
Parallel
Oblique
Axonometric
Orthographic
Multiview 12
Categories of orthographic projection
O r th o g r a p h ic p r o je c ti o n ( P a ra lle l p ro je c to rs )
O r th o g o n a l
A x o n o m e tr i c
O b l iq u e
Projectors
N o rm a l to p ro je c tio n p la n e
N o rm a l to p ro je c tio n p la n e
In c lin e d to p ro je c tio n p la n e
Principal plane of object
P a ra lle l to p ro je c tio n p la n e
In c lin e d to p ro je c tio n p la n e
P a ra lle l to p ro je c tio n p la n e
Projection Methods The four principal types of projections: a Multiview b Axonometric c Oblique d Perspective
Axonometric projection axon = axis; metric = measure, in Greek Axonometric projection is a parallel projection technique to create a pictorial drawing of an object by rotating the object on an axis relative to a projection or picture plane
Isometric projection Isometric projection is a true representation of the isometric view of an object Isometric view is created by rotating the object 45 degree about vertical axis, and tilting it forward 35 deg 16
Isometric projection: axes
The 3 axis meet at A,B form equal angles of 120 deg and they are called Isometric Axes OA is vertical, OB is inclined at 30deg to the right, OC is inclined at 30deg to the left Any lines parallel to these Isometric Line Any planes parallel Isometric Planes
Selection of Isometric Axes
Main purpose of isometric view is to provide a pictorial view
which reveals as much detail as possible Selection of principal edges is important Figure shows different isometric views of the same block
PROJECTION THEORY The projection theory is used to graphically represent 3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).
The projection theory is based on two variables:
1) Line of sight 2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)
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Line of sight
is an imaginary ray of light between an
observers eye and an object.
There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge Parallel projection
Perspective projection
Line of sight Line of sight
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Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which
the image is created. The image is produced by connecting the points where the LOS pierce the projection plane. Parallel projection
Perspective projection
Plane of projection
Plane of projection
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Disadvantage of Perspective Projection Perspective projection is not used by engineer for manufacturing of parts, because 1) It is difficult to create. 2) It does not reveal exact shape and size.
Width is distorted
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Orthographic Projection
Orthographic projection Orthographic" comes from the Greek word for "straight writing (or drawing)." This projection shows the object as it looks from the front, right, left, top, bottom, or back, and are typically positioned relative to each other according to the rules of either First Angle or Third Angle projection.
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Pictorial 3-dimensional representations One-point one vanishing point lines that are not vertical or horizontal converge to single point in distance
Two-point or Three-point two or three vanishing points
With two points, vertical or
horizontal lines parallel, but not both With three-point, no lines are parallel
Isometric
Drawing shows corner of object,
but parallel lines on object are parallel in drawing Shows three dimensions, but no vanishing point(s) 27
One-point
Two-Point
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Symbols for Third Angle (right)or First
Angle (left).
First angle projection is the ISO standard and is primarily
used in Europe. The 3D object is projected into 2D "paper" space as if you were looking at an X-ray of the object: the top view is under the front view, the right view is at the left of the front view. Third angle projection is primarily used in the United States and Canada, where it is the default projection system according to BS 8888:2006, the left view is placed on the left the top view on the top. 29
MEANING Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the projection plane Object views from top
1 5
3 4
5 3 4 Projection plane 30
Image of a part represented in First Angle
Projection
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Orthographic / Multiview Draw object from two / three perpendicular views
/ Orthographic
What it looks like pictorially
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33
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ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object to the line of sight. Rotate
Two dimensions of an object is shown.
Tilt
More than one view is needed
to represent the object.
Multiview drawing Three dimensions of an object is shown. Axonometric drawing 35
Multiview Drawing Advantage
It represents accurate shape and size.
Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading.
Example
Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing)
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Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing
Advantage
Easy to understand
Disadvantage
Shape and angle distortion
Example
Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing
Circular hole becomes ellipse.
Right angle becomes obtuse angle.
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Sectional views
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Auxiliary Views Used to show true dimensions of an inclined plane.
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Auxiliary projection
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Auxiliary projection
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Drawing Standard
Introduction Standards are set of rules that govern how technical drawings are represented.
Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey
the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
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Standard Code Full name
Country
Code
USA
ANSI
American National Standard Institute
Japan
JIS
Japanese Industrial Standard
UK
BS
British Standard
Australia
AS
Australian Standard
Germany
DIN
Deutsches Institut fr Normung
ISO
International Standards Organization
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Partial List of Drawing Standards
Contents
Code number JIS Z 8311 JIS Z 8312
Sizes and Format of Drawings
Line Conventions
JIS Z 8313
Lettering
JIS Z 8314
Scales
JIS Z 8315
Projection methods
JIS Z 8316
Presentation of Views and Sections
JIS Z 8317
Dimensioning
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Standards Organizations involved in developing the standards for technical drawings: ANSI (American National Standards Institute) ASEE (American Society for Engineering Education) SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) ISO (International Standards Organization)
Drawing Sheet Trimmed paper of a size A0 ~ A4. Standard sheet size (JIS) A4 A3 A2 A1 A0
210 x 297 297 x 420 420 x 594 594 x 841 841 x 1189
(Dimensions in millimeters)
A4 A3 A2
A1
A0
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Orientation of drawing sheet
1. Type X (A0~A4) c
2. Type Y (A4 only)
d
Drawing space
c Title block
Border lines
Sheet size A4 A3 A2 A1 A0
Drawing space
Title block
c (min) d (min) 10 25 10 25 10 25 20 25 20 25 50
Drawing Scales Length, size
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear dimension of the same element of the object. Size in drawing
Actual size
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Drawing Scales Designation of a scale consists of the word SCALE followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow SCALE 1:1
for full size
SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales
(X > 1)
Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond
to true size of the object and they are independent of the scale used in creating that drawing.
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Basic Line Types
Types of Lines
Appearance
Name according to application
Continuous thick line
Visible line
Continuous thin line
Dimension line Extension line Leader line
Dash thick line
Hidden line
Chain thin line
Center line
NOTE : We will learn other types of line in later chapters.
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Meaning of Lines Visible lines represent features that can be seen in the current view Hidden lines represent features that can not be seen in the current view Center line
represents symmetry, path of motion, centers
of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts
Dimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and
location of features on a drawing 54
Types of Line
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Line Conventions
Visible Lines solid thick lines that represent visible edges or contours Hidden Lines short evenly spaced dashes that depict hidden features Section Lines solid thin lines that indicate cut surfaces Center Lines alternating long and short dashes Dimensioning Dimension Lines - solid thin lines showing dimension extent/direction Extension Lines - solid thin lines showing point or line to which dimension applies Leaders direct notes, dimensions, symbols, part numbers, etc. to features on drawing Cutting-Plane and Viewing-Plane Lines indicate location of cutting planes for sectional views and the viewing position for removed partial views Break Lines indicate only portion of object is drawn. May be random squiggled line or thin dashes joined by zigzags. Phantom Lines long thin dashes separated by pairs of short dashes indicate alternate positions of moving parts, adjacent position of related parts and repeated detail Chain Line Lines or surfaces with special requirements 56
Viewing-plane line 1 2Extension line
3Dimension Line
4 Center Line 5Hidden Line 6Break Line
7Cutting-plane Line 8Visible Line 9 10 Center Line (of motion) Leader Phantom 14 Line 13 Section Line 12 SECTION A-A
11 VIEW B-B 57
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS TUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKL MNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCD EF
Text on Drawings Text on engineering drawing is used : To communicate nongraphic information. As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance where text can communicate the needed information more clearly and quickly. Thus, it must be written with Legibility
- shape - space between letters and words
Uniformity
- size - line thickness 59
Example
Placement of the text on drawing
Dimension & Notes
Notes
Title Block 60
Lettering Standard ANSI Standard
This course
Use a Gothic text style,
Use only a vertical Gothic
either inclined or vertical.
text style.
Use all capital letters.
Use both capital and
lower-case letters.
Use 3 mm for most
Same. For letters in title
text height.
block it is recommend to use
5~8 mm text height
Space between lines
N/A.
of text is at least 1/3
Follows ANSI rule.
of text height. 61
Dimensioning
Dimensioning Guidelines The term feature refers to surfaces, faces, holes, slots, corners, bends, arcs and fillets that add up to form an engineering part. Dimensions define the size of a feature or its location relative to other features or a frame of reference, called a datum. The basic rules of dimensioning are: 1. Dimension where the feature contour is shown; 2. Place dimensions between the views; 3. Dimension off the views; 4. Dimension mating features for assembly; 5. Do not dimension to hidden lines; 6. Stagger dimensioning values; 7. Create a logical arrangement of dimensions; 8. Consider fabrication processes and capabilities; 9. Consider inspection processes and capabilities. 63
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Important elements of dimensioning Two types of dimensioning: (1) Size and location dimensions and (2) Detail dimensioning
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Geometrics The science of specifying and tolerancing shapes and locations of features of on objects
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Geometrics It is important that all persons reading a drawing interpret it exactly the same way. Parts are dimensioned based on two criteria: Basic size and locations of the features Details of construction for manufacturing
Standards from ANSI (American
National Standards Institute) 67
Scaling vs. Dimensioning
Drawings can be a different scales, but dimensions are ALWAYS at full scale.
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Units of Measure Length
Angle Dimensions
English - Inches, unless
otherwise stated Up to 72 inches feet and inches over
SI millimeter, mm
Angle degrees, minutes, seconds 69
Elements of a dimensioned drawing
(Be familiar with these terms
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Arrangement of Dimensions Keep dimension off of the part where possible. Arrange extension lines so the larger dimensions are outside of the smaller dimensions. Stagger the dimension value labels to ensure they are clearly defined.
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Dimensioning Holes
Dimension the diameter of a hole.
Locate the center-line. Use a notes and designators for repeated hole sizes 72
Dimensioning the Radius of
an Arc
Dimension an arcs by its radius.
Locate the center of the radius or two tangents to the arc. 73
Drilled Holes, Counter bores and
Countersinks
Use the depth symbol to define the
depth of a drilled hole. Use the depth symbol or a section view to dimension a counter bore. Countersinks do not need a section view. 74
Angles, Chamfers and Tapers
Dimension the one vertex for an angled face, the other vertex is determined by an
intersection. Chamfers are generally 45 with the width of the face specified.
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Rounded Bars and Slots
The rounded end of a bar or slot has a radius that is 1/2 its width. Use R to denote this radius, do not dimension it twice. Locate the center of the arc, or the center of the slot.
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Limits of Size All dimensions have minimum and maximum values specified by the tolerance block. Tolerances accumulate in a chain of dimensions. Accumulation can be avoided by using a single baseline.
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Fit Between Parts
1. Clearance fit: The shaft maximum diameter is smaller than the hole minimum diameter. 2. Interference fit: The shaft minimum diameter is larger than the hole maximum diameter. 3. Transition fit: The shaft maximum diameter and hole minimum have an interference fit, while the shaft minimum diameter and hole maximum diameter have a clearance fit Clearance Fit
Interference Fit
Transition Fit
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Dimensioning standards
P. 79
Dimension text placement
P. 80
Unidirectional or aligned dimensioning?
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Dual dimensioning
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Dimensioning Basic Shapes
-Assumptions
Perpendicularity Assume lines that appear perpendicular to be 90 unless otherwise noted Symmetry If a part appears symmetrical it is (unless it is dimensioned otherwise) Holes in the center of a cylindrical object are automatically located
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Dimensioning Basic Shapes
Rectangular Prism
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Dimensioning Basic Shapes
Cylinders Positive Negative
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Dimensioning Basic Shapes
Cone
Frustum
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Dimensioning Basic Shapes
Circle Pattern Center Lines
87
Grouping Dimensions Dimensions should always be placed outside the part
Yes
No 88
Dimension guidelines Dimensions should be placed in the view that most clearly describes the feature being dimensioned (contour (shape) dimensioning)
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Dimension guidelines Maintain a minimum spacing between the object and the dimension between multiple dimensions.
A visible gap shall
be placed between the ends of extension lines and the feature to which they refer.
Staggering Dimensions Put the lesser dimensions closer to the part. Try to reference dimensions from one surface This will depend on the part and how the tolerances are based.
