Entropy
Entropy
Entropy
Systems
Total Total Total
Change in the
m s m s S
1- Heat transfer
(in or out)
i i
2 mass
(in or out)
e e
gen
Scv
3- Entropy
generation
Qk
T mi si me se S gen S cv
k
Qk
Tk
m s m s S
Qk
mi si me se S gen 0
Tk
gen
Qk
Si S e S gen 0
Tk
qk
si se s gen 0
Tk
2
Entropy balance
Total Total Total
Change in the
Transient
Q
T m i s i me s e S gen S 2 S 1 CV
Steady
Flow
Closed
System
Qk
Tk
m s m s S
Q
T S gen S 2 S 1
gen
Qk
S 2 S1
S gen
Tk
S 0 or
S S (kJ/K) or
2
1
s2 s1 (kJ/kg.K)
Example (6-11):
Isentropic Compression of an Ideal Gas
Helium gas is compressed in an adiabatic compressor
from an initial state of 14 psia and 50oF to a final state
temperature of 320oF in a reversible manner. Determine
the exit pressure of helium. <Answer: 40.5 psia>
Sol:
Example (6-18)
Steam at 7 MPa and 450 C is
throttled through a valve
to 3 MPa. Find the entropy
generation through the
process.
T1 = 450 C
p1 = 7 MPa
qk
si se s gen 0
Tk
p2 = 3 MPa
s gen se si s2 s1
8
Table A-6
h1 = 3287.1 kJ/kg
s1 = 6.6327 kJ/kg K
p2 = 3 MPa
h2 = 3287.1 kJ/kg
h2 = h 1
sgen = s=s2-s1
= 6.9919 6.6327 = 0.3592 kJ/kg K
9
Isentropic Efficiencies of
Steady Flow Devices
Turbine
w h1 h2
Turbine
Turbine
wa
ws
h1 h2 a
h1 h2 s
11
12
w h2 h1
isen ,comp
h2 s h1
h2 a h1
13
Example (6-15):
Effect of Efficiency on Compressor Power Input
Air is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from 100
kPa and 12oC to pressure of 800 kPa at a steady rate of
0.2 kg/s. If the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is
80 percent, determine a) the exit temperature of air and
b) the required power input to the compressor.
14
isen , pump
ws P2 P1
wa
h2 a h1
15
Isothermal Efficiency of
Compressors
A
isoth ,comp
wt
wa
Where
16
isen ,nozz
A1
A2
isen ,nozz
2
2a
2
2s
17
2
Isentropic KE at nozzle exit V2 s / 2
V 1a2
V 22a
V 22a
h1
h 2a
h1 h2a
2
2
2
V 1s2
V 22s
V 22s
h1
h2s
h1 h2s
2
2
2
isen ,nozz
h1 h2a
h1 h2s
Isentropic efficiency of
nozzles are usually
greater than 90 %.
18
19
Wb Pdv
Work Done
during a
Process
It
2
i
2
e
V
V
Q W mi hi
g zi me he
g ze
2
2
q w h ke Pe
differential form
qrev Tds
Tds dh vdP
wrev vdP dke dpe
2
wrev vdP ke pe
1
23
w rev v P2 P1 ke pe
If the device does not involves work like nozzles or pipes,
2
2
2
1
V V
0 v P2 P1
g z 2 z1
2
2
2
2
V1
V
vP1
g z1 vP2
gz2
2
2
Bernoullis equation
24
wrev vdP ke pe
1
wrev vdP
1
25
Wb
Pdv
26
Important observation
Note that the work term is smallest when v is
small. So, for a pump (which uses work) you
want v to be small. For a turbine (which
produces work) you want v to be large.
w rev vdP
1
Why a gas power plant delivers less net work per unit
mass of the working fluid than steam power plant?
A considerable portion of the work output of the
turbine is consumed by the compressor.
This is one of the reasons for the overwhelming
popularity of steam power plant in electric power
generation.
What will happen if we dont condense the steam?
27
(1)
wrev wact
qact
ds
0,
T
T
qact
since ds
Eq. 6-8
T
Thus, wrev wact , or
wrev wact for work output devices.
w rev w act
Work-producing devices
such as turbines deliver
more work, and workconsuming devices
such as pumps and
compressors require
less work when they
operate reversibly.
28
29
31
Isothermal process- 1
2
Consider an
ideal gas, at
constant T
wrev ,in
RT
v
P
P2
RT ln
P1
Isentropic process- 2
Isentropic means reversible and adiabatic
(Q=0) i.e. No cooling is allowed
Recall from isentropic relations for an ideal gas
Pv C
k
v C kP
1
wrev ,in
k P
P
C
1
1
1 k 1
2
1k
2
1 k 1
1
wrev ,in
P
P
k
C
1
1
wrev ,in
1 k 1
2
1k
2
C P
k
Pv C
1 k 1
1
C kP
1k
1
1
P2 C P
1 1k
1
wrev ,in
v2 P2 v1 P1 R T2 T1 kR T2 T1
1 1k
1 1k
k 1
wrev ,in
kRT1 T2
T
T1
1
k 1
34
wrev ,in
kRT1 T2
T1
T T
1
1
k 1
wrev ,in
kRT1
k 1
P2
P1
k 1
T2 P2
T1 P1
k 1
Polytropic process- 3
2
Pv C
n
wrev ,in
v2 P2 v1 P1 R T2 T1 nR T2 T1
1 1n
1 1n
n 1
wrev ,in
nRT1
n 1
P2
P1
n 1
36
Summary
1- Isothermal process
wrev ,in
P2
RT ln
P1
Isentropic process- 2
wrev ,in
P2
P1
kRT1
k 1
k 1
Polytropic process- 3
wrev ,in
nRT1 P2
n 1 P1
n 1
37
39
40
Multistage
compression with
inter-cooling
41
42
n 1
Px
P1
n 1 / n
nRT
1
1
n 1
P2
Px
n 1 / n
43
2
P1 Px
44
45
Air Leaks
Install High Efficiency Motors
Use a small motor at high capacity, instead of
a large motor at low capacity
Use outside air for compressor intake
Reduce the air pressure setting
46