CHAPTER 4 Noise Mod

CHAPTER 4
NOISE IN
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
By Prof. Shrikant Ganorkar

SRCOE, Pune
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
SOURCES OF NOISE
TYPES OF NOISE
WHITE NOISE
THERMAL NOISE
SHOT NOISE
PARTITION NOISE
LOW FREQUENCY OR FLICKER NOISE
BURST OR POPCORN NOISE
AVALANCHE NOISE
SIGNAL - TO - NOISE RATIO
SNR OF TANDEM CONNECTION
NOISE FACTOR NOISE FIGURE
NOISE TEMPERATURE
FRISSS FORMULA FOR NOISE FIGURE
NOISE BANDWIDTH
LIST OF BOOKS
Text Books :
T1. B. P. Lathi , Modern Digital and Analog.
Communication Systems, 3rd Edition,
Oxford University Press
T2. Dennis Roddy & John Coolen, Electronic
Communications, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall
Reference
Books :
Additional References:
Communication system :Analog & Digital by Singh, Sapre,
R1.
Simon
Haykin,
Communication
TMH: 4.1 to 4.13
Systems, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons
Lec Uni
t.
No.
1
Referen
Bit No.
ce
& page
No.
Sources of Noise, Types of
Noise,
White Noise,
Name of Topic
Thermal noise, shot noise,

partition noise
R2
R3
R1
T2
Low frequency or flicker

noise,
burst noise,
avalanche noise,
Signal to Noise Ratio ,
SNR of tandem connection,
T2
Noise Figure,
T2
T2
no.
7.1(315)
2.1(1520)
1.9(61,6
2)
4.2(119129)
4.3(130131)
4.4(131)
Remark
Numericals
are
expected
from topic
Thermal
Noise
4.5,
(131)
4.6(132)
4.7(132)
4.11(13 Numericals
5-136)
are
4.12(13
expected
7)
from SNR,
tandem
4.13(13
INTRODUCTION
Noise is a general term which is used to
describe an unwanted signal which affects

a wanted signal.
These
unwanted signals arise from a

variety of sources which may be considered
in one of two main categories:
Interference, usually from a human source
(man made)
Naturally occurring random noise
Interference
Interference arises for example, from
other communication systems (cross talk),
50 Hz supplies (hum) and harmonics,
switched mode power supplies, thyristor
circuits, ignition (car spark plugs) motors,
etc.
Natural Noise
Naturally
occurring
external
noise
sources include atmosphere disturbance
(e.g. electric storms, lighting, ionospheric
effect etc), so called Sky Noise or Cosmic
Definition
Noise may be defined as any unwanted
introduction of energy tending to interfere

with the proper reception and reproduction
of transmitted signal.
Electrical noise any undesirable that falls
within the pass-band of the signal.
Noise is random energy that interfere with
the information signal.
In radio receiver, noise may produce hiss in
the loudspeaker output.
Noise can limit the range of systems.

Noise
may sometimes even force a

reduction in the bandwidth of system. It
affects the sensitivity of the receiver.
2 general categories
Correlated noise Implies relationship
between the signal and the noise, exist

only when signal is present.
Uncorrelated noise Present at all
time, whether there is signal or not.
SOURCES OF NOISE
NOISE
EXTERNAL
ATMOSPHERIC
NOISE
INTERNAL
INDUSTRIAL
NOISE
EXTRATERRESTRIAL
NOISE
THERMAL
NOISE
SHOT
NOISE
EXTERNAL NOISE
The various forms of noise created outside
the receiver.
2.1 ATMOSPHERIC NOISE
Caused
by
lightning
discharges
in
thunderstorms and other natural electric
disturbances occurring in the atmosphere.
Consist
of spurious radio signal with

components distributed over a wide range
of frequencies.
2.2 EXTRATERRESTRIAL NOISE
SOLAR NOISE:
Under
normal condition, there is a

constant noise radiation from the sun,
simply because it is a large body at a
very high temperature (over 6000
centigrade).
Radiates over a very broad frequency
spectrum which includes frequencies
used for communications.
COSMIC NOISE:
Stars radiate RF noise in the same
2.3 INDUSTRIAL NOISE
Between 1 to 600 MHz [ In urban, semi
urban & other industrial areas], the

intensity noise made by humans easily
outstrips that created by any other
source, internal or external to the
receiver.
Sources such as: automobile, aircraft
ignition, electric motors and other heavy

machines, leakages from high voltage
lines, florescent lights etc
The
nature of industrial noise is so

variable that it is difficult to analyze it on
any basis other than the statistical.
Industrial
noise obeys the general

principle that received noise increases as
the receiver bandwidth is increased.
INTERNAL NOISE
It is the noise created by any of the active
or passive devices in the receivers. Such

noise is random, easy to observe &
describe statistically. Random noise power
is proportional to the bandwidth of
measurement.
THERMAL NOISE
Is associated with the rapid and random
movement of electrons within a conductor

due to thermal agitation.
Present in all electronic components and
communications systems.
Referred as white noise or Johnson Noise.
Is a form of additive noise, cannot be
eliminated.
It increases in intensity with the number
of devices in a circuit.
This type of noise is generated by all
resistances
Experimental results (by Johnson) and

theoretical studies (by Nyquist) give the mean
square noise_ 2voltage as
V 4 k TBR (volt 2 )
Where k = Boltzmanns constant = 1.38 x 10-23 Joules per K

T = absolute temperature
B = bandwidth noise measured in (Hz)
R = resistance (ohms)
The law relating noise power, N, to the

temperature and bandwidth is,
N = k TB watts
Thermal noise is often referred to as white

noise because it has a uniform spectral
density.
17
NOISE VOLTAGE
Figure 4.2 shows the

equivalent circuit for a
thermal noise source.
Internal resistance RI in
series with the rms
noise voltage VN.
For
the
worst
condition,
the
load
resistance R = RI , noise
voltage dropped across
R = half the noise
source (VR=VN/2) and
From the final equation
VN 4 RkTB
Figure 4.2 : Noise source

equivalent circuit
The mathematical
expression :
VN / 2
N KTB
VN2 4 RKTB
VN
4 RKTB
VN2
4R
Example
R.F. amplifier is saving an input resistor of
8Kohm and works in the frequency range of
12 to 15.5 MHz Calculate the rms noise
voltage at the input to this amplifier at an
ambient temperature of 17oC?
Solution:
Resistors in Series
Assume that R1 at
temperature T1 and
R2 at temperature T2,
then
____
___
___
2
Vn V
____
2
n1
____
n1
n2
4 k T1 B R1
Vn 2 4 k T2 B R2
____
2
n
4 k B (T1 R1 T2 R2 )
4 kT B ( R1 R2 )
____
2
n
i.e. The resistor in series at same temperature

behave as a single resistor
20
Resistance in Parallel
R2
Vo1 Vn1
R1 R2
____
2
n
___
V V
o1
Vo 2 V n 2
___
o2
R1
R1 R2
RR
2
2
1 2
V R R 2 R2 T1 R1 R1 T2 R2 R R
1 2
1
2
____
2
n
4kB
_____
2
n
_____
2
n
4kB R1 R2 (T1 R1 T2 R2 )
R1 R2 2
R1 R2
R1 R2
4kTB
21
Example
Two resistor of 20k and 50 k are at room
temperature (290K). For a bandwidth of 100kHz,
calculate the thermal noise voltage generated by
1. each resistor
2. the two resistor in series
3. the two resistor in parallel
WHITE NOISE
Thermal noise falls in to the category of power
signals & hence it has a spectral density. The

bandwidth B is assumed flat i.e. independent of
frequency as shown in the figure. This thermal noise
is referred to as white noise.
Noise is assumed to have a uniform noise power
spectral density, given that the noise is not band

limited by some filter bandwidth.
If we assume the bandwidth W is infinite

(Idealization), then the autocorrelation of the noise
is;
Where we use a subscript w to emphasize that the

noise is white.
Note that w(t) is uncorrelated with
for any
The noise power in bandwidth W is;
SHOT NOISE
Shot noise is a random fluctuation that
accompanies any direct current crossing a

potential barrier.
Caused by the random arrival of carriers
at the output element of an electronic

device.
First observed in the anode current of a
vacuum-tube amplifier.
The current carriers are not moving in
continuous steady flow.
The mean square noise component is proportional to

the dc flowing & shot noise current is given by;
LOW FREQUENCY OR FLICKER

NOISE
Active devices, integrated circuit, diodes,
transistors etc also exhibits a low frequency

noise, which is frequency dependent (i.e.
non uniform) known as flicker noise. The
spectral density of the noise increases as
the frequency decreases (1/f noise).
Flicker noise is due to impurities in the
material which in turn cause charge carrier

fluctuations.
In semiconductors Flicker noise arises due
BURST NOISE OR POPCORN NOISE

Low Frequency Noise observed in BJT is
known as Burst Noise.

Noise appears as a series of bursts at two
or more levels.
When present in an audio system , the
noise produces popping sounds.
Its Spectral density
increases as
frequency decreases
It is also low frequency noise.
PARTITION NOISE
It occurs whenever current has to divide
between 2 or more electrodes and

results from the random fluctuations in
the division.
The spectrum of Partition Noise is flat.
Diode is said to be less noisy than
transistor for the same reason( third

electrode makes more noisy).
AVALANCHE NOISE
It occurs due to avalanche i.e. ionizing
where additional holes and electrons are

produced , which in turn contribute to
the ionization process.
Large Noise spikes are present in the
avalanche current.
The spectral density of Avalanche Noise
is flat.
In Zener diodes avalanche noise is
nuisance to be avoided.
SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO

Noise is usually expressed as a power because the
received signal is also expressed in terms of power.
Q. A receiver has an input signal power of l.2W. The

noise power is 0.80W. The signal to noise ratio is
Signal to Noise Ratio = 10 Log (1.2/0.8)
= 10 log 1.5
= 10 (0.176)
= 1.76 dB
SNR OF TANDEM CONNECTION

If Power loss of a line is L then gain of amplifier
is chosen such that LG=1
Power O/p at each repeater = Ps (as LG=1)

But Total Noise is additive..
Q. Calculate the output signal-to-noise ratio in

decibels for three identical links, given that the
signal-to-noise ratio for any one link is 60 dB.
NOISE FACTOR- NOISE

FIGURE
Consider the network shown below,
The amount of noise added by the network is

embodied in the
Noise Factor F, which is
defined by
Noise factor F =
S N
S N
IN
OUT
F equals to 1 for noiseless network and in general F > 1. The

noise figure in the noise factor quoted in dB
i.e. Noise Figure F dB = 10 log10 F F 0 dB
The noise figure / factor is the measure of how much a network
degrades the (S/N)IN, the lower the value of F, the better the
network.
37
Noise Factor of Amplifiers in Cascade/

Friiss Formula
Available noise power at input of amplifier 2
For additional stages of amplifiers equation

can be written as:
Fsys F1
F2 1 F3 1 F4 1
G1
G1G2
This is knows as
G1G2 G3
...........
Fn 1
G1G2 ..........Gn 1
Frisss Formula .
By making G1 large , contribution of

other stages can be made negligible.
Q.
Noise Temperature
43
Frisss Formula can be expressed in terms of
Noise temperature.
Where, Te sys is overall noise temperature of
the system and Te1, Te2 are noise
temperature of individual stages:
Noise Bandwidth
Since any communication system has a front end
filter. The noise bandwidth of interest is the

bandwidth of this filter
Receiver filter transfer function is H(f) . Ideally it
should be rectangular as shown to transmit the
same power as that of real filter.
Noise bandwidth Bn is adjusted to get the same
Bn= (/2) * fc
Where fc= 3-db
bandwidth
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CHAPTER 4

By Prof. Shrikant Ganorkar

Thermal noise, shot noise,

Low frequency or flicker

describe an unwanted signal which affects

unwanted signals arise from a

Interference, usually from a human source

introduction of energy tending to interfere

Electrical noise any undesirable that falls

within the pass-band of the signal.

Noise is random energy that interfere with

the information signal.

In radio receiver, noise may produce hiss in

the loudspeaker output.

Noise can limit the range of systems.

may sometimes even force a

between the signal and the noise, exist

time, whether there is signal or not.

2.1 ATMOSPHERIC NOISE

of spurious radio signal with

2.2 EXTRATERRESTRIAL NOISE

normal condition, there is a

2.3 INDUSTRIAL NOISE

Between 1 to 600 MHz [ In urban, semi

urban & other industrial areas], the

ignition, electric motors and other heavy

nature of industrial noise is so

noise obeys the general

or passive devices in the receivers. Such

movement of electrons within a conductor

Experimental results (by Johnson) and

Where k = Boltzmanns constant = 1.38 x 10-23 Joules per K

The law relating noise power, N, to the

Thermal noise is often referred to as white

Figure 4.2 shows the

From the final equation

Figure 4.2 : Noise source

i.e. The resistor in series at same temperature

signals & hence it has a spectral density. The

spectral density, given that the noise is not band

If we assume the bandwidth W is infinite

Where we use a subscript w to emphasize that the

accompanies any direct current crossing a

Caused by the random arrival of carriers

at the output element of an electronic

First observed in the anode current of a

The current carriers are not moving in

continuous steady flow.

The mean square noise component is proportional to

LOW FREQUENCY OR FLICKER

transistors etc also exhibits a low frequency

material which in turn cause charge carrier

BURST NOISE OR POPCORN NOISE

known as Burst Noise.

between 2 or more electrodes and

transistor for the same reason( third

where additional holes and electrons are

SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO