Bubble Power

Bubble
Power
(Sonofusion)
INTRODUCTION
Bubble fusion- Sonofusion

Bubble
fusion, also known as Sonofusion, is the non-technical

name for a nuclear fusion reaction hypothesized to occur inside
extraordinarily large collapsing gas bubbles created in a liquid
during acoustic cavitation.
In
other words Sonofusion involves tiny bubbles imploded by

sound waves can make hydrogen nuclei fuse.
Apparition of
Bubble
Slow Expansion
Quick and sudden Purported fusion

contraction
event
Acoustic Cavitation
Cavitation
is the formation of vapour

cavities in a liquid
i.e. small
liquid-free zones ("bubbles" or
"voids") that are the consequence of
forces acting upon the liquid.
It
usually occurs when a liquid is

subjected to rapid changes of pressure
that cause the formation of cavities
where the pressure is relatively low.
When
subjected to higher pressure,

the voids implode and can generate an
intense shockwave.
Sonoluminescence
When
a gas bubble in liquid is excited by ultrasonic acoustic waves,

it can emit short flashes of light suggestive of extreme temperatures
inside the bubble.
These flashes of light, known as sonoluminescence, occur as the
bubble implodes, or cavitates.
If we can get the bubbles generate enough heat, we might just be able
to make atoms in the surrounding liquid fuse together.
A simple way ,in theory at least, of producing nuclear fusion and the
vast supply of energy promises.
Sonoluminescence
Original experiments
The
earliest documented reference to a sonofusion-type reaction is

patented by Hugh Flynn in 1978.
In
1992, Seth Putterman of UCLA indicated that his group had

reached 100,000 C in sonoluminescence experiments, and thought
1 million C was possible.
Another
approach was developed and done by Rusi P Taleyarkhan

and colleagues of Purdue University claimed to have observed
evidence of sonofusion in 2002.
Taleyarkhan Approach
Sonofusion-Technically
known as Acoustic Inertial Confinement Fusion.
In
this piezoelectric crystal attached to a liquid-filled flask send pressure

waves through the fluid, exciting the motion of tiny gas bubbles.
High
This
temperatures and pressure speculated at the bubble core .
leading to conditions suitable for thermonuclear fusion.
Taleyarkhan Approach
In the paper, the authors described how bubbles were created via nucleation by fast
neutrons with an initial radius of 10-100 nm.
The bubbles grew in an acoustic field at 19.3 kHz to a maximum size of 1 mm, then
collapsed.
The implosion creates an instantaneous pressure of 10 trillion kPa and temperature

of more than 100 million degree C, making the deuterium fuse.
D-D fusion leads to either production of helium and 2.5 MeV neutrons or tritium and
protons.
Taleyarkhan claimed to have observed both excess 2.5 MeV neutrons and tritium.
The claim was quickly surrounded by controversy, including allegations ranging

from experimental error to academic fraud.
Sonofusion device used by Rusi Taleyarkhan.
1. Vacuum pump
2. Liquid scintillator
3. Neutron source
4. Acoustic wave generator
5. Test chamber with fluid
6. Microphone
7. Photomultiplier tube
8. Two deuterium atoms collide
8a. Possible fusion event creating Helium
and a neutron
8b. Possible fusion event creating Tritium
and a proton
FUSION REACTION
Deuterium-Deuterium
fusion has two probable outputs,

helium and a 2.45-MeV neutron or tritium and a proton.
The energy of 2.45MeV neutron can be harnessed in a
reactor to create water vapor & drive an electricity
generator.
Sequence of events
Taleyarkhan 2006 Report

published another report in 2006 indicative of
nuclear fusion in cavitation bubbles in a mixture of
acetone and benzene.
Taleyarkhan
This
time the pulsed neutron generator was replaced with

alpha-radioactive uranium salts dissolved in the mixture to
address the criticism of the original ORNL effort, which
was relying on an external pulsed neutron source to
nucleate the cavitation bubbles.
Energy Harnessing Challenges

Each
individual fusion reaction is very brief--it lasts only

about a picosecond--and it is confined to a very small region.
As
a result, the energy output is relatively small.
To obtain
something interesting in terms of energy, the next

step is to scale up the apparatus
Have
to make the fusion reactions self-sustaining.
Present Approaches
Research groups throughout the world have concentrated on two
approaches:
Extremely
Magnetic
Energetic Laser Beams
Confinement Fusion
Extremely Energetic Laser Beams

Extremely
energetic laser beams converge on a tiny solid pellet

of deuterium-tritium fuel.
The
result is a shock wave that propagates toward the center of

the pellet and creates an enormous increase in temperature and
density.
One
of the drawbacks of this approach is the amount of power

the lasers require.
Magnetic Confinement Fusion

Magnetic
confinement fusion, has been under investigation since

the 1950s.
It
uses powerful magnetic fields to create immense heat and

pressure in a hydrogen plasma contained in a large, toroidal
device known as a Tokamak.
The
fusion produces high-energy neutrons that escape the plasma

and hit a liquid-filled blanket surrounding it.
The
idea is to use the heat produced in the blanket to generate

vapor to drive a turbine and thus generate electricity.
Recent Developments
Building the ITER--International Thermonuclear Experimental

Reactor : a US $5 billion, 500-megawatt reactor based on magnetic
confinement.
A consortium of institutions from China, Japan, South Korea, the European

Union, Russia, and the United States.
The consortium is now deciding between Cadarache, France, and

Rokkasho, Japan, as a home for the reactor.
ITER is not expected to begin operating until 2015, and a commercially

viable version will be even further away--some say 2050, give or take a
few decades.
ADVANTAGES
Fusion
produces no greenhouse gases
Safe,
environmentally friendly way to produce electrical

energy.
Unlike
conventional nuclear fission reactors, it produces

no noxious radioactive wastes that last for thousands of
years.
Low
cost and Easily available raw materials.
Applications
The
technology might one day, in theory, lead to a new source of energy. It

may result in a new class of low cost energy.
Compact
detectors for security applications.
To analyze
Machines
molecular structure of materials.
that cheaply manufacture new synthetic materials & efficiently

produce tritium, which is used for medical imaging to watch dials.
Conclusion
With the steady growth of world population and with economic progress in
developing countries, average electricity consumption per person will
increase significantly.
Therefore, seeking new sources of energy isn't just important, it is necessary.
Much more research is required before it is clear whether sonofusion can

become a new energy source.
Even it is not yet successful, the evidences already show a big future of
sonofusion which might be the new source of cheap clean energy in our life.
Thank You

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Bubble

Bubble fusion- Sonofusion

fusion, also known as Sonofusion, is the non-technical

other words Sonofusion involves tiny bubbles imploded by

Quick and sudden Purported fusion

is the formation of vapour

usually occurs when a liquid is

subjected to higher pressure,

a gas bubble in liquid is excited by ultrasonic acoustic waves,

earliest documented reference to a sonofusion-type reaction is

1992, Seth Putterman of UCLA indicated that his group had

approach was developed and done by Rusi P Taleyarkhan

known as Acoustic Inertial Confinement Fusion.

this piezoelectric crystal attached to a liquid-filled flask send pressure

temperatures and pressure speculated at the bubble core .

leading to conditions suitable for thermonuclear fusion.

The implosion creates an instantaneous pressure of 10 trillion kPa and temperature

The claim was quickly surrounded by controversy, including allegations ranging

Sonofusion device used by Rusi Taleyarkhan.

fusion has two probable outputs,

Taleyarkhan 2006 Report

time the pulsed neutron generator was replaced with

Energy Harnessing Challenges

individual fusion reaction is very brief--it lasts only

a result, the energy output is relatively small.

something interesting in terms of energy, the next

to make the fusion reactions self-sustaining.

Energetic Laser Beams

Extremely Energetic Laser Beams

energetic laser beams converge on a tiny solid pellet

result is a shock wave that propagates toward the center of

of the drawbacks of this approach is the amount of power

Magnetic Confinement Fusion

confinement fusion, has been under investigation since

uses powerful magnetic fields to create immense heat and

fusion produces high-energy neutrons that escape the plasma

idea is to use the heat produced in the blanket to generate

Building the ITER--International Thermonuclear Experimental

A consortium of institutions from China, Japan, South Korea, the European

The consortium is now deciding between Cadarache, France, and

ITER is not expected to begin operating until 2015, and a commercially

produces no greenhouse gases

environmentally friendly way to produce electrical

conventional nuclear fission reactors, it produces

cost and Easily available raw materials.

technology might one day, in theory, lead to a new source of energy. It

detectors for security applications.

molecular structure of materials.

that cheaply manufacture new synthetic materials & efficiently

Therefore, seeking new sources of energy isn't just important, it is necessary.

Much more research is required before it is clear whether sonofusion can

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