Stoichiometric: BY: Agung Rahmadani Department of Pharmacy University of Mulawarman Samarinda 2014
Stoichiometric: BY: Agung Rahmadani Department of Pharmacy University of Mulawarman Samarinda 2014
Stoichiometric: BY: Agung Rahmadani Department of Pharmacy University of Mulawarman Samarinda 2014
General Chemistry
STOICHIOMETRIC
BY :
AGUNG RAHMADANI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
UNIVERSITY OF MULAWARMAN
SAMARINDA
2014
Stoichiometric
Chemical Stoichiometry
3
Micro World
atoms & molecules
Macro World
grams
H = 1.008 amu
O = 16.00 amu
16
Atomic Masses
5
The Mole
7
AVOGADROS
NUMBER
EQUALS
23
6.022 10 UNITS
Molar Mass
9
eggs
Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of shoes in grams
marbles
10
atoms
1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g
1 12C atom = 12.00 amu
1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C
1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li
11
Practice Calculations
1.
2.
3.
4.
Interconversion Between
Moles, Particles, and Grams
16
C2H6O
Proportional Relationships
Stoichiometry
Mole Ratio
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
toichiometry Steps
1. Write a balanced equation.
2. Identify known & unknown.
3. Line up conversion factors.
moles
moles
moles
moles
moles
grams
liters soln
liters gas
1 mol of a gas=22.4 L
at STP
Standard Temperature
&
0C and 1 atm
Pressure
Molar Volume
(22.4 L/mol)
MASS
IN
GRAMS
Molar Mass
(g/mol)
MOLES
6.02 1023
particles/mol
Molarity
LITERS
OF
SOLUTION
NUMBER
OF
PARTICLES
(mol/L)
Stoichiometry Problems
How many moles of KClO3 must decompose
in order to produce 9 moles of oxygen
gas?
9 mol
= 6 mol KClO3
9 mol
= 6 mol KClO3
2 mol KClO3
x mol KClO3 = 9 mol O2
= 6 mol KClO3
3 mol O2
6 mol
O2
KClO3
Stoichiometry Problems
How many grams of KClO3 are required
to produce 9.00 L of O2 at STP?
1 mol
O2
2 mol
KClO3
122.55
g KClO3
22.4 L
O2
3 mol
O2
1 mol
KClO3
= 32.8 g
KClO3
Stoichiometry Problems
How many grams of KClO3 are required
to produce 9.00 L of O2 at STP?
32.8 g
KClO3
1 mol
O2
2 mol
KClO3
122.55
g KClO3
22.4 L
O2
3 mol
O2
1 mol
KClO3
= 32.8 g
KClO3
32.8 g
KClO3
Cu + 2 AgNO3 2 Ag +
12.0 g
Cu(NO?3)g2
12.0 1 mol
g Cu
Cu
2 mol 107.87
Ag
g Ag
63.55 1 mol
g Cu
Cu
= 40.7 g
1 mol
Ag
Ag
40.7 g
Ag
Mole Calculations
HINT: Volume of solids/liquids and moles are not directly connected. You must first use the den
convert the volume to a mass, and then derive the quantity of mercury, in moles, from t
Finally, the number of atoms is obtained from the number of moles.
Volume, cm3
g
cm3
use density
Mass, g
mol
g
use
molar mass
Moles
atoms
mol
use
Avogadros
number
Atoms
A
x
Volume, cm3
g
cm3
use density
B
x
Mass, g
mol
g
use
molar mass
Moles
atoms
mol
use
Avogadros
number
Atoms
25.4 cm3 Hg
. 13.534 g Hg
= 344 g Hg
3
1 cm Hg
B
Knowing the mass, you can now find the quantity in mol
344 g Hg .
1 mol Hg =
. 1.71
1.71 mol
mol Hg
Hg
200.6 g Hg
C Finally, because you know the relation between atoms and moles (Avogodr
number),
you can
now holds
find the
number
atoms inIfthe
A graduated
cylinder
25.4
cm3 ofofmercury.
thesample.
density of mercury
at 25 oC is 13.534 g / cm3, how many moles of mercury are in the cylinde
How many atoms
of mercury
there? Hg .
. 6.02
x 1023are
atoms
1.71 mol Hg
1 mol Hg
2 Na + Cl2
100
2 grams
g
x1Lgram
2 NaCl
WRONG
x g 2 grams
1 mol Na
2
1 molecule
x atoms
L Cl2 = 100 g Na
23 g Na
Na
Cl2
2 moles
1 mole
Right side of roomcalculate how many grams of NaCl will be produced from 100 g of Na.
x g NaCl = 100 g Na
Na
NaCl
Left side of roomcalculate how many grams of NaCl will be produced from 48.69 L of Cl 2.
NaCl
Stoichiometry
2 KClO3
500 g
2 KCl
xg
+ 3 O2
xL
(196 g)
3 mol O2 22.4 L O2
1 mol KClO3
x L O2 = 500 g KClO3
137 L O2
= 137
122.5 g KClO3 2 mol KClO3 1 mol O2
KClO3
O2
x g O2 = 137 L O2
1 mol O2 32 g O2
= 196 g O2
22.4 L O2 1 mol O2
KCl
Stoichiometry
2 TiO2 + 4 Cl2 + 3 C
115
x gg
x mol
CO2 + 2 CO + 2 TiCl4
4.55 mol
x molecules
How many moles of chlorine will react with 4.55 moles of carbon
3 mol C
x mol C = 4.55 mol Cl2
= 6.07 mol Cl2
4 mol Cl2
C
Cl2
How many grams of titanium (IV) oxide will react with 4.55 moles of ca
1 mol TiO2 80 g TiO2
x g TiO2 = 4.55 mol C
= 243 g TiO2
3 mol C 2 mol TiO2
C
TiO2
TiCl4
6.02x1023 atoms Al
x atoms Al = 30 g Al
= 6.69x1023 atoms Al
27 g Al
Al
WRONG
23
2O23
6.02xH10
atoms H2OH2O 3 atoms
molecules
1 mol H2O 6.02x10
1 L H2O
x atoms = 18 mL H2O
1 molecule H2O
1 mol H2O
1000 mL H2O 22.4 L H2O
= 1.45x1021 atoms
3 atoms
1 g H2O 1 mol H2O 6.02x1023 molecules H2O
x atoms = 18 mL H2O
1 molecule H2O
1 mL H2O 18 g H2O
1 moL H2O
Recall, density of water
= 1.81x1024 atoms
34
35
1.
2.
3.
water
Write the above reaction as a
chemical equation
H 2 + O 2 H 2O
Law of Conservation of
Mass
Balancing
Coefficient - how many of that substance are
in the reaction
2HgO( s )
Number of Hg on left?
2Hg(l ) O 2 ( g )
on right
Number of O on left?
on right
WRONG: H2 + O2 H2O2
Steps in Equation
Balancing
H2 + O2 H2O
2 mol H
2 mol O
Products
2 mol H
1 mol O
4 mol H
2 mol O
Products
4 mol H
2 mol O
Balancing an Equation
Practice Equation
Balancing
2.
3.
4.
N2 + H2 NH3
General Principles
Chemical formulas of all reactants
and products must be known
Equation must be balanced to obey
the law of conservation of mass
1.
2.
Calculations of an unbalanced
equation are meaningless
3.
2H2 + O2 2H2O
2 mol H
__
2
2.13 mol O2
1 mol O2
32.0 g O2
5 mol O2 consumed
Calculating Reacting
Quantities
Oxygen
grams
Oxygen
moles
CO2
grams
CO2
grams
H2 O
Set up
moles
H 2O
moles
C 3H 8
grams
C 3H 8
Calculating a Quantity of
Reactant
Ca(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq)
moles
HCl
CaCl2(s) + 2H2O(l)
grams
HCl
g HCl
General Problem-solving
Strategy
Sample Calculation
Na + Cl2 NaCl
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sample Calculation
If the theoretical yield of iron was 30.0
g and actual yield was 25.0 g, calculate
the percent yield:
2 Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) Al2O3(aq) + 2Fe(aq)
LIMITING REACTANT
The limiting reactant is the
reactant that is completely
consumed or finished first,
controlling the amounts of
products formed.
62
Limiting Reagents
6 red
green
leftused
overup
63
Limiting Reactant
64
50 chairs + 15 students
Solving a Stoichiometry
Problem
65
1.
Balance the equation.
2.
Convert masses to moles.
3.
Determine which reactant is
limiting.
4.
Use moles of limiting reactant
and mole ratios to find moles of
desired product.
5.
Convert from moles to grams.
66
Percent Yield
67
14.4 g
excess
Actual yield = 6.26 g
68
========>
2 CrCl3
(s)
(a) How many grams of CrCl3 are produced by 1.00 g of Cr ?
(b) How many grams of CrCl3 are produced by 2.00 g of
Cl2 ?
(c) If the Actual yield of CrCl3 is 2.65 g, then what is the
Percent Yield of the CrCl3 ?
69
Sample Exercise
Titanium tetrachloride, TiCl4, can be made by
combining titanium-containing ore (which is often
impure TiO2) with carbon and chlorine TiO2(s) + 2 Cl2(g) + C(s)
TiCl4(l) + CO2(g)
Practice Example 1
71
A compound contains C, H, N.
Combustion of 35.0mg of the compound
produces 33.5mg CO2 and 41.1mg H2O.
What is the empirical formula of the
compound?
Solution:
Practice Example 2
72
Solution:
Convert mass to moles.
Determine empirical formula.
Determine actual formula.
1.
2.
3.
C8H10N4O2