1

General Chemistry

STOICHIOMETRIC
BY :
AGUNG RAHMADANI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
UNIVERSITY OF MULAWARMAN
SAMARINDA
2014

Stoichiometric

Atomic Masses, Mole concept, and Molar

Mass (Average atomic mass).
Number of atoms per amount of
element.
Percent composition and Empirical
formula of molecules.
Chemical equations, Balancing
equations, and Stoichiometric
calculations including limiting reagents.

Chemical Stoichiometry
3

Stoichiometry - The study of

quantities of materials consumed
and produced in chemical reactions.

Micro World
atoms & molecules

Macro World
grams

Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in

atomic mass units (amu)
By definition:
1 atom 12C weighs 12 amu
On this scale
1

H = 1.008 amu
O = 16.00 amu

16

Atomic Masses
5

Elements occur in nature as

mixtures of isotopes
Carbon = 98.89% 12C
1.11% 13C
<0.01% 14C
Carbon, average atomic mass =
12.01 amu

Natural lithium is:

6

7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu)

92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)

Average atomic mass of lithium:

7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x 7.016
= 6.941 amu
100

The Mole
7

The number equal to the number of

carbon atoms in exactly 12 grams of
pure 12C.
1 mole of anything = 6.022 1023 units

AVOGADROS
NUMBER
EQUALS
23
6.022 10 UNITS

Molar Mass
9

A substances molar mass (molecular weight) is

the mass in grams of one mole of the compound.
C=12.01 O=16
CO2 = (12.01+16+16) = 44.01 grams per mole

eggs
Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of shoes in grams
marbles
10
atoms
1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g
1 12C atom = 12.00 amu
1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C
1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li

For any element

atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)

11

1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g or 1 g = 6.022 x 1023 amu

Calculating Atoms, Moles,

and Mass

We use the following conversion factors:

Density converts grams milliliters

Atomic mass unit converts amu

grams

Avogadros number converts moles

number of atoms

Molar mass converts grams moles

Strategy for Calculations

Map out a pattern for the required

conversion

Given a number of grams and asked

for number of atoms

Two conversions are required

Convert grams to moles

1 mol S/32.06 g S OR 32.06 g S/1 mol S

Convert moles to atoms

mol S x (6.022 x 1023 atoms S) / 1 mol S

Practice Calculations
1.

2.

3.

4.

Calculate the number of atoms in 1.7

moles of boron.
Find the mass in grams of 2.5 mol Na
(sodium).
Calculate the number of atoms in 5.0 g
aluminum.
Calculate the mass of 5,000,000 atoms
of Au (gold)

Interconversion Between
Moles, Particles, and Grams

Do You Understand Molecular Mass?

How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O ?
1 mol C3H8O = (3 x 12) + (8 x 1) + 16 = 60 g C3H8O
1 mol C3H8O molecules = 8 mol H atoms
1 mol H = 6.022 x 1023 atoms H
1 mol C3H8O 8 mol H atoms 6.022 x 1023 H atoms
72.5 g C3H8O x
x
x
=
1 mol C3H8O
1 mol H atoms
60 g C3H8O

5.82 x 1024 atoms H

16

Percent composition of an element in a compound =

17

n x molar mass of element

x 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole
of the compound
2 x (12.01 g)
x 100% = 52.14%
46.07 g
6 x (1.008 g)
%H =
x 100% = 13.13%
46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O =
x 100% = 34.73%
46.07 g
%C =

C2H6O

52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%

Proportional Relationships

Stoichiometry

mass relationships between substances in a

chemical reaction
based on the mole ratio

Mole Ratio

indicated by coefficients in a balanced equation

2 Mg + O2 2 MgO

toichiometry Steps
1. Write a balanced equation.
2. Identify known & unknown.
3. Line up conversion factors.

Mole ratio Molar mass Molarity Molar volume -

moles
moles
moles
moles

moles
grams
liters soln
liters gas

Molar Volume at STP

1 mol of a gas=22.4 L
at STP
Standard Temperature

&
0C and 1 atm

Pressure

Molar Volume at STP

LITERS
OF GAS
AT STP

Molar Volume
(22.4 L/mol)

MASS
IN
GRAMS

Molar Mass
(g/mol)

MOLES

6.02 1023
particles/mol

Molarity
LITERS
OF
SOLUTION

NUMBER
OF
PARTICLES

(mol/L)

Stoichiometry Problems
How many moles of KClO3 must decompose
in order to produce 9 moles of oxygen
gas?

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

? mol

9 mol

9 mol O2 2 mol KClO3

3 mol O2

= 6 mol KClO3

How many moles of KClO3 must

decompose in order to produce 9 moles of
oxygen gas?

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

? mol

9 mol

9 mol O2 2 mol KClO3

3 mol O2

= 6 mol KClO3

2 mol KClO3
x mol KClO3 = 9 mol O2
= 6 mol KClO3
3 mol O2

6 mol

O2

KClO3

Stoichiometry Problems
How many grams of KClO3 are required
to produce 9.00 L of O2 at STP?

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

?g
9.00 L
9.00 L
O2

1 mol
O2

2 mol
KClO3

122.55
g KClO3

22.4 L
O2

3 mol
O2

1 mol
KClO3

= 32.8 g
KClO3

Stoichiometry Problems
How many grams of KClO3 are required
to produce 9.00 L of O2 at STP?

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

?g
9.00 L

32.8 g

1 mol O2 2 mol KClO3 122.55 g KClO3

x g KClO3 = 9.00 L O2
= 32.8 g KClO3
3 mol O2
1 mol KClO3
22.4 L O2
O2

KClO3

How many grams of KClO3 are required

to produce 9.00 L of O2 at STP?

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

?g
9.00 L
9.00 L
O2

1 mol
O2

2 mol
KClO3

122.55
g KClO3

22.4 L
O2

3 mol
O2

1 mol
KClO3

= 32.8 g
KClO3
32.8 g

1 mol O2 2 mol KClO3 122.55 g KClO3

x g KClO3 = 9.00 L O2
= 32.8 g KClO3
3 mol O2
1 mol KClO3
22.4 L O2
O2

KClO3

How many grams of silver will be

formed from 12.0 g copper?

Cu + 2 AgNO3 2 Ag +
12.0 g
Cu(NO?3)g2
12.0 1 mol
g Cu
Cu

2 mol 107.87
Ag
g Ag

63.55 1 mol
g Cu
Cu

= 40.7 g
1 mol
Ag
Ag
40.7 g

1 mol Cu 2 mol Ag 107.87 g Ag

x g Ag = 12.0 g Cu
= 40.7 g Ag
63.55 g Cu 1 mol Cu 1 mol Ag
Cu

Ag

Mole Calculations

A graduated cylinder holds 25.4 cm3 of mercury. If the density of mercury

at 25 oC is 13.534 g / cm3, how many moles of mercury are in the cylinder?

How many atoms of mercury are there?

HINT: Volume of solids/liquids and moles are not directly connected. You must first use the den
convert the volume to a mass, and then derive the quantity of mercury, in moles, from t
Finally, the number of atoms is obtained from the number of moles.

Volume, cm3

g
cm3

use density

Mass, g

mol
g

use
molar mass

Moles

atoms
mol

use
Avogadros
number

Atoms

A
x

Volume, cm3

g
cm3

use density

B
x

Mass, g

mol
g

use
molar mass

Moles

atoms
mol

use
Avogadros
number

Atoms

A Therefore, the mass of mercury is found to be equivalent to 344 g of merc

25.4 cm3 Hg
. 13.534 g Hg
= 344 g Hg
3
1 cm Hg
B

Knowing the mass, you can now find the quantity in mol
344 g Hg .

1 mol Hg =
. 1.71
1.71 mol
mol Hg
Hg
200.6 g Hg

C Finally, because you know the relation between atoms and moles (Avogodr

number),
you can
now holds
find the
number
atoms inIfthe
A graduated
cylinder
25.4
cm3 ofofmercury.
thesample.
density of mercury
at 25 oC is 13.534 g / cm3, how many moles of mercury are in the cylinde
How many atoms
of mercury
there? Hg .
. 6.02
x 1023are
atoms

1.71 mol Hg

1 mol Hg

= 1.03 x 1024 atoms H

2 Na + Cl2
100
2 grams
g

x1Lgram

2 NaCl
WRONG
x g 2 grams

Violates Law of Conservation of Matter

1 mol Na
2
1 molecule
x atoms
L Cl2 = 100 g Na
23 g Na

Na

Cl2

2 moles

1 mole

1 mol Cl2 22.4 2L molecules*

Cl2
48.69
= 49
L ClL2
2 mol Na 1 mol Cl2
2 moles

Right side of roomcalculate how many grams of NaCl will be produced from 100 g of Na.

x g NaCl = 100 g Na
Na

1 mol Na 2 mol NaCl 58.5 g NaCl

= 254 g NaCl
23 g Na 2 mol Na 1 mol NaCl

NaCl
Left side of roomcalculate how many grams of NaCl will be produced from 48.69 L of Cl 2.

1 mol Cl2 2 mol NaCl 58.5 g NaCl

x g NaCl = 48.69 L Cl2
= 254 g NaCl
22.4 L Cl2 1 mol Cl2 1 mol NaCl
Cl2

NaCl

*Better name would be formula unit

Stoichiometry
2 KClO3
500 g

2 KCl
xg

+ 3 O2
xL
(196 g)

3 mol O2 22.4 L O2
1 mol KClO3
x L O2 = 500 g KClO3
137 L O2
= 137
122.5 g KClO3 2 mol KClO3 1 mol O2
KClO3

O2

x g O2 = 137 L O2

1 mol O2 32 g O2
= 196 g O2
22.4 L O2 1 mol O2

2 mol KCl 74.5 g KCl

1 mol KClO3
x g KCl = 500 g KClO3
(304 g
g)KCl
= 304
122.5 g KClO3 2 mol KClO3 1 mol KCl
KClO3

KCl

Stoichiometry
2 TiO2 + 4 Cl2 + 3 C
115
x gg

x mol

CO2 + 2 CO + 2 TiCl4

4.55 mol

x molecules

How many moles of chlorine will react with 4.55 moles of carbon
3 mol C
x mol C = 4.55 mol Cl2
= 6.07 mol Cl2
4 mol Cl2
C

Cl2

How many grams of titanium (IV) oxide will react with 4.55 moles of ca
1 mol TiO2 80 g TiO2
x g TiO2 = 4.55 mol C
= 243 g TiO2
3 mol C 2 mol TiO2
C

TiO2

How many molecules of TiCl4 will react with 115 g TiO

1 mol TiO2 2 mol TiCl4 6.02x1023 molecules TiCl4
x molecules TiCl4 = 115 g TiO2
1 mol TiCl4
80 g TiO2 2 mol TiO2

= 8.66x1023 molecules TiCl4

TiO2

TiCl4

Which has more atoms:

30 g aluminum metal or 18 mL distilled water?

How many atoms of aluminum are in 30 g of aluminu

1 mol Al 6.02x1023 atoms Al

x atoms Al = 30 g Al
= 6.69x1023 atoms Al
1 mol Al
27 g Al
Al

6.02x1023 atoms Al
x atoms Al = 30 g Al
= 6.69x1023 atoms Al
27 g Al
Al
WRONG

How many atoms are in 18 mL of water?

23
2O23
6.02xH10
atoms H2OH2O 3 atoms
molecules
1 mol H2O 6.02x10
1 L H2O
x atoms = 18 mL H2O
1 molecule H2O
1 mol H2O
1000 mL H2O 22.4 L H2O

LITERS is ONLY used for GASES @ STP

= 1.45x1021 atoms

How many atoms are in 18 mL of water?

3 atoms
1 g H2O 1 mol H2O 6.02x1023 molecules H2O
x atoms = 18 mL H2O
1 molecule H2O
1 mL H2O 18 g H2O
1 moL H2O
Recall, density of water

= 1.81x1024 atoms

34

Determining Elemental Composition

(Formula)
Figure 3.5: A schematic diagram of the
combustion device used to analyze
substances for carbon and hydrogen.

35

1.
2.
3.

The masses obtained (mostly CO2

and H2O and sometimes N2)) will be
used to determine:
% composition in compound
Empirical formula
Chemical or molecular formula if the
Molar mass of the compound is
known or given.

Writing Chemical Reactions

Consider the following reaction:
hydrogen reacts with oxygen to produce

water
Write the above reaction as a
chemical equation
H 2 + O 2 H 2O

Dont forget the diatomic elements

Law of Conservation of
Mass

Law of conservation of mass matter cannot be either gained or

lost in the process of a chemical
reaction

The total mass of the products must

equal the total mass of the reactants

A Visual Example of the Law

of Conservation of Mass

4.4 Balancing Chemical

Equations

A chemical equation shows the molar

quantity of reactants needed to
produce a particular molar quantity
of products
The relative number of moles of each
product and reactant is indicated by
placing a whole-number coefficient
before the formula of each substance
in the chemical equation

Balancing
Coefficient - how many of that substance are
in the reaction

2HgO( s )

All the atoms of every reactant must

also appear in the products

Number of Hg on left?

2Hg(l ) O 2 ( g )

The equation must be balanced

on right

Number of O on left?

on right

Examine the Equation

H 2 + O 2 H 2O

Is the law of conservation of mass

obeyed as written? NO

Balancing chemical equations uses

coefficients to ensure that the law of
conservation of mass is obeyed

You may never change subscripts!

WRONG: H2 + O2 H2O2

Steps in Equation
Balancing
H2 + O2 H2O

The steps to balancing:

Step 1. Count the number of moles of atoms
of each element on both product and
reactant sides
Reactants

2 mol H
2 mol O

Products

2 mol H
1 mol O

Steps in Equation Balancing

H2 + O2 H2O

Step 2. Determine which elements

are not balanced do not have
same number on both sides of the
equation

Oxygen is not balanced

Step 3. Balance one element at a

time by changing the coefficients
H2 + O2 2H2O
This balances oxygen, but is hydrogen still
balanced?

Steps in Equation Balancing

H2 + O2 2H2O
How will we balance hydrogen?
2H2 + O2 2H2O
Step 4. Check! Make sure the law of
conservation of mass is obeyed
Reactants

4 mol H
2 mol O

Products

4 mol H
2 mol O

Balancing an Equation

Practice Equation
Balancing

Balance the following equations:

1.

C2H2 + O2 CO2 + H2O

2.

AgNO3 + FeCl3 Fe(NO3)3 + AgCl

3.

C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

4.

N2 + H2 NH3

Calculations Using the

Chemical Equation

Calculation quantities of reactants and

products in a chemical reaction has
many applications
Need a balanced chemical equation for
the reaction of interest
The coefficients represent the number
of moles of each substance in the
equation

General Principles
Chemical formulas of all reactants
and products must be known
Equation must be balanced to obey
the law of conservation of mass

1.
2.

Calculations of an unbalanced
equation are meaningless

Calculations are performed in terms

of moles

3.

Coefficients in the balanced equation

represent the relative number of
moles of products and reactants

Using the Chemical

Equation

Examine the reaction:

2H2 + O2 2H2O

Coefficients tell us?

2 mol H2 reacts with 1 mol O2 to

produce 2 mol H2O

What if 4 moles of H2 reacts with 2

moles of O2?

It yields 4 moles of H2O

Using the Chemical Equation

2H2 + O2 2H2O

The coefficients of the balanced

equation are used to convert
between moles of substances

How many moles of O2 are needed

to react with 4.26 moles of H2?

Use the factor-label method to

perform this calculation

Use of Conversion Factors

2H2 + O2 2H2O
1
__mol
O2
4.26 mol H 2

2 mol H
__
2

2.13 mol O2

Digits in the conversion factor come

from the balanced equation

Conversion Between Moles

and Grams

Requires only the formula weight

Convert 1.00 mol O2 to grams
moles of
grams of
Plan the path
Oxygen
Oxygen
Find the molar mass of oxygen
32.0 g O2 = 1 mol O2

Set up the equation

Cancel units
1.00 mol O2 x 32.0 g O2

Solve equation 1.00 x 32.0 g O2 =

1 mol O2

32.0 g O2

Conversion of Mole Reactants

to Mole Products

Use a balanced equation

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)
3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

1 mol C3H8 results in:

5 mol O2 consumed

1 mol C3H8 /5 mol O2

3 mol CO2 formed

1 mol C3H8 /3 mol CO2

4 mol H2O formed

1 mol C3H8 /4 mol H2O

This can be rewritten as conversion

factors

Calculating Reacting
Quantities

Calculate grams O2 reacting with 1.00 mol

C 3H 8

Use 2 conversion factors

Moles C3H8 to moles O2

Moles
of O2 to grams
O2
moles
moles
C 3H 8

Oxygen

grams
Oxygen

Set up the equation and cancel units

1.00 mol C3H8 x 5 mol O2 x 32.0 g O2 =

1 mol C3H8 1 mol O2

1.00 x 5 x 32.0 g O2 = 1.60 x 102 g O2

Calculating Grams of Product

from Moles of Reactant

Calculate grams CO2 from combustion of

1.00 mol C3H8
Use 2 conversion factors

Moles C3H8 to moles CO2

Moles of CO2 to grams CO2
moles
C 3H 8

moles
CO2

grams
CO2

Set up the equation and cancel units

1.00 mol C3H8 x 3 mol CO2 x 44.0 g CO2 =

1 mol C3H8 1 mol CO2

1.00 x 3 x 44.0 g CO2 = 1.32 x 102 g CO2

Relating Masses of Reactants

and Products

Calculate grams C3H8 required to

produce 36.0 grams of H2O
Use 3 conversion factors

Grams H2O to moles H2O

Moles H2O to moles C3H8
Moles of C3H8 to grams C3H8

grams
H2 O
Set up

moles
H 2O

moles
C 3H 8

grams
C 3H 8

the equation and cancel units

36.0 g H2O x 1 mol H2O x 1 mol C3H8 x 44.0 g C3H8

18.0 g H2O
4 mol H2O 1 mol C3H8

36.0 x [1/18.0] x [1/4] x 44.0 g C3H8 = 22.0 g

C 3H 8

Calculating a Quantity of
Reactant

Ca(OH)2 neutralizes HCl

Calculate grams HCl neutralized by 0.500
mol Ca(OH)2

Write chemical equation and balance

Ca(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq)

Plan the path

moles
Ca(OH)2

moles
HCl

CaCl2(s) + 2H2O(l)
grams
HCl

Set up the equation and cancel units

0.500 mol Ca(OH)2 x 2 mol HCl

x 36.5 g HCl
1 mol Ca(OH)2 1 mol HCl
Solve equation 0.500 x [2/1] x 36.5 g HCl = 36.5

g HCl

General Problem-solving
Strategy

Sample Calculation
Na + Cl2 NaCl
1.
2.

3.

4.

Balance the equation 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

Calculate the moles Cl2 reacting with
5.00 mol Na
Calculate the grams NaCl produced
when 5.00 mol Na reacts with an excess
of Cl2
Calculate the grams Na reacting with
5.00 g Cl2

Theoretical and Percent

Yield

Theoretical yield - the maximum

amount of product that can be
produced

Pencil and paper yield

Actual yield - the amount produced

when the reaction is performed
actual yield
Laboratory yield
% yield
100%
theoretical yield
Percent yield:
= 125 g CO2 actual x 100% = 97.4%
132 g CO2 theoretical

Sample Calculation
If the theoretical yield of iron was 30.0
g and actual yield was 25.0 g, calculate
the percent yield:
2 Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) Al2O3(aq) + 2Fe(aq)

[25.0 g / 30.0 g] x 100% = 83.3%

Calculate the % yield if 26.8 grams

iron was collected in the same reaction

LIMITING REACTANT
The limiting reactant is the
reactant that is completely
consumed or finished first,
controlling the amounts of
products formed.

62

Limiting Reagents

6 red
green
leftused
overup

63

Limiting Reactant
64

5 cars + 200 drivers

50 chairs + 15 students

Limiting cars or drivers?

Limiting chairs or students?

Solving a Stoichiometry
Problem
65

1.
Balance the equation.
2.
Convert masses to moles.
3.
Determine which reactant is
limiting.
4.
Use moles of limiting reactant
and mole ratios to find moles of
desired product.
5.
Convert from moles to grams.

Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that would

result if all the limiting reagent reacted. Its amount is
Calculated using the balanced equation.

Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained

from a reaction. It is always given.

66

Percent Yield

Actual yield = quantity of product actually obtained

Theoretical yield = quantity of product predicted by
stoichiometry using limiting reactant

67

Percent Yield Example

14.4 g

excess
Actual yield = 6.26 g

68

For the reaction:

(Molar Masses: Cr =
52.00; Cl = 35.45 g/mol)
2 Cr (s) + 3 Cl2 (g)

========>

2 CrCl3

(s)
(a) How many grams of CrCl3 are produced by 1.00 g of Cr ?
(b) How many grams of CrCl3 are produced by 2.00 g of
Cl2 ?
(c) If the Actual yield of CrCl3 is 2.65 g, then what is the
Percent Yield of the CrCl3 ?

69

Copyright2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights

reserved.

Sample Exercise
Titanium tetrachloride, TiCl4, can be made by
combining titanium-containing ore (which is often
impure TiO2) with carbon and chlorine TiO2(s) + 2 Cl2(g) + C(s)

TiCl4(l) + CO2(g)

If one begins with 125 g each of Cl2 and C, but

plenty of titanium-containing ore, which is the
limiting reagent in the reaction? What quantity of
TiCl4 can be produced?
70

Practice Example 1
71

A compound contains C, H, N.
Combustion of 35.0mg of the compound
produces 33.5mg CO2 and 41.1mg H2O.
What is the empirical formula of the
compound?

Solution:

1. Determine C and H, the rest from 33.5mg is N.

2. Determine moles from masses.
3. Divide by smallest number of moles.

Practice Example 2
72

Caffeine contains 49.48% C, 5.15% H,

28.87% N and 16.49% O by mass and has
a molar mass of 194.2 g/mol. Determine
the molecular formula.

Solution:
Convert mass to moles.
Determine empirical formula.
Determine actual formula.

1.
2.
3.

C8H10N4O2