Introduction To Electric Motors
Introduction To Electric Motors
Introduction To Electric Motors
Introduction
Dr. Tahir Izhar
Professor
Electrical Engineering, UET, Lahore
Introduction
Electromechanical Conversion
The process of energy conversion used in electric
machines is known as electromechanically energy
conversion
Electromechanical Conversion
Electromechanical Conversion
The coupling medium between
electrical and mechanical systems is
the magnetic field.
Electric Motors
Alternating Current
(AC) Motors
Synchronous
Single-Phase
Induction
Separately
Excited
Three-Phase
Series
Compound
Self Excited
Shunt
A Simple AC Generator
BA
dt
dt
cos cos
dt
NBA
dt
NBA cos
10
Wires connected to
the rotating coil
would get twisted
Therefore we use
circular slip rings
with sliding
contacts called
brushes
11
A Simple DC Generator
Use of a commutator
13
14
approximately
uniform field in the
narrow air gap
The arrangement
of coils and core
is known as the
armature
15
DC Motors Components
Field pole
North pole and south pole
Receive electricity to form
magnetic field
Armature
Cylinder between the poles
Electromagnet when current goes through
Linked to drive shaft to drive the load
Commutator
Overturns current direction in armature
16
Commutator Cross-Section
18
DC motors
Separately excited DC motor: field current
supplied from a separate force
Speed control:
insert resistance
in armature or
field current
19
DC motors
Self-excited DC motor: series motor
Suited for high
starting torque:
cranes, hoists
Speed restricted to
5000 RPM
Avoid running with
no load: speed
uncontrolled
20
DC motors
DC compound motor
Suited for high
starting torque if high
% compounding:
cranes, hoists
Field winding in
series and
parallel with
armature winding
Higher %
compound in
series = high
starting torque
21
AC Generators or
Alternators
stator.
The lighter field coils are mounted on the rotor and
direct current is fed to these by a set of slip rings.
22
AC Generator
A four-pole alternator
23
Synchronous Machines
D 10 m
q-axis
Turbin
e
Hydro
(water)
Hydrogenerato
r
Stator
l e ro
o
p
t
n
Salie
tor
D 1
m
Turbin
e
L 10
m
Stea
m
Stator
winding
High speed
d-axis
Uniform airgap
Stat
or
q-axis
Rotor
winding
Roto
r
Turbogenerator
Stator
Cylindrical rotor
Construction of synchronous
machines
Salient-pole rotor:
four and more poles.
Rotors are made laminated to reduce eddy current losses.
Construction of
synchronous machines
A synchronous rotor with 8 salient
poles
Salient pole
without field
windings
observe
laminations
Construction of
synchronous machines
Construction of synchronous
machines
Slip
rings
Brush
Motors Operation
33
AC Motors
Synchronous motors
35
Induction motors
Induction motors
37
Induction Motors
38
41
Torque production
Rotor at Standstill:
If the rotor is at standstill, the pulsating
stator flux will induced current in the rotor
circuit.
The rotor current will produce rotor
pulsating flux acting in the same axis.
The two fluxes tend to oppose each other
(Lenzs Law).
As the angle between these fluxes is zero
no starting torque is developed and the
rotor will remain at standstill.
42
Torque production
Rotor at Running:
If the rotor is running, the torque can be
developed.
This can be explain using double revolving field
theory.
Both rotating mmf s will produce component
torques in opposite directions.
At standstill, these component torques are equal
and opposite resulting zero starting torque.
At any other speed the two torques are unequal
and the resultant torque will keep the motor
rotating in the direction of rotation.
The torque-speed relation is shown in Figurebelow.
43
Torque-Speed Characteristics
44
45
46
Torque-Speed
Capacitor run motor
49
Torque-Speed
Capacitor Start motor
51
1/4/2013
52
Capacitor-Start
Capacitor-Run Motor
Torque-Speed
Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run
54
Resistance split-phase
motor
55
Resistance split-phase
motor
56
Shaded pole
induction motor
Shaded pole induction motor, (a) dual coil design, (b) smaller single
coil version.
57
Shaded pole
induction motor
Shaded pole
induction motor
59
Brushless DC Motors
61
62
BLDCM Commutation
Commutation is performed
electronically using a controller.
Applications
CPU cooling fans
CD/DVD Players
Electric automobiles
Pros (compared to brushed DC)
Higher efficiency
Longer lifespan, low maintenance
Clean, fast, no sparking/issues with brushed contacts
Cons
Higher cost
More complex circuitry and requires a controller,
64
Definition of BLDC
Brushless DC Motors:
Characteristics
66
Brushless Motors:
major classes
Brushless Motors:
Major Classes
69
Magnet Mounting:
Surface
70
Magnet Mounting:
Surface
71
The arrangement
shown in the figure is
known as inset
magnets.
The permanent
magnets are inserted
in the steel structure.
This construction is
more secure compared
to surface magnets.
The structure is salient.
72
Magnet Mounting:
Interior
74
Brushless DC motor:
construction
75
Brushless DC motor:
Construction
3-PHASE INVERTER
BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR
-R
1
SHUTTER
5
B
Y
S
V
-
N
-Y
-B
R
OPTICAL
SENSOR
Brushless DC motor:
Construction
Brushless DC motor:
Construction
Brushless DC motor:
Construction
79
Brushless DC motor:
Construction
80
Star Configuration
3-PHASE INVERTER
1
MOTOR
iY
POSITION
iB
+
V
-
SENSOR
eY
eB
6
B
eR
iR
LOGIC DECODER
81
Star Configuration
Star Configuration:
Switching Sequence
Position
D irection
Sensorsoutput
InverterTransistors
060
CCW
60120
CCW
120180
CCW
180240
CCW
240300
CCW
300360
CCW
060
CW
60120
CW
120180
CW
180240
CW
240300
CW
300360
CW
1 0
83
Induced Voltage
84
Induced Voltage
ER
R
i R
iY
Y
Y
eB
EB
B
iB
Converted Power
2EI
B B
Y Y
EI
R R
ER R
EY Y
EB B
Conducting Devices
85
Delta Configuration
Delta Configuration
I
I/2
+
V
-
I/2
B
Y
87
Delta Configuration:
Switching Sequence
Position
D irection
Sensorsoutput
InverterTransistors
060
C CW
60120
C CW
120180
C CW
180240
C CW
240300
C CW
300360
C CW
060
CW
60120
CW
120180
CW
180240
CW
240300
CW
300360
CW
88
Delta Configuration
89
Hall-Effect Sensors
91
Hall-Effect Sensors
92
Sensorless Operation
Commutation
ref
logic
i ref
PWM
Generator
Commutation
logic
Current (torque) feedback
Current
sensing
resistor
Y
Motor
Shaft
position
sensor
Speed feedback
TG
95
Equivalent Circuit
+
R ph
eph
+
V'
V'
R ph
R'
E'
eph
96
Switched Reluctance
Motors
(SRM)
97
2/4/2013
98
99
2/4/2013
10
2/4/2013
10
10
2/4/2013
10
Operation
10
Operation
Advantages
10
Disadvantages
10
Linear Motor
11
International Standards
11
IEC Standards
The International Electrotechnical
Commission, in French is a
non-profit, non-governmental
international standards organization
that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all
electrical, electronic and related
technologies collectively known as
"electrotechnology".
11
IEC Standards
IEC Standards
The IEC charter includes:
Full Members
Associate Members
Affiliates
11
11
1/4/2013
11
11
Electrical Machines
Introduction
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION
12