Percolation Pond

WELCOME
FFS 614 WATERSHED

MANAGEMENT (1+1)
CHECK DAM, FARM
PONDS
&
PERCOLATION
PONDS
By
PRASADG
Mob 9791400700
COURSE TEACHER
DR.S.V.KOTTISWARAN
PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF FOREST
CHECK DAM
A check dam is a small, temporary or permanent
dam constructed across a drainage ditch, swale, or
channel to lower the speed of concentrated flows for
a certain design range of storm events.
Check dams reduce the effective slope of the
channel, thereby reducing the velocity of flowing
water, allowing sediment to settle and reducing
erosion
CHECK DAM
SPILL WAYS
WING WALLS
BODY
APRON
WING WALLS
CHECK DAMS MAY BE APPROPRIATE

IN THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
To promote sedimentation behind the dam.
To prevent erosion by reducing the velocity of
channel flow
In small intermittent channels and temporary
swales.
In small open channels that drain 10 acres or less.
In steep channels where storm water runoff

velocities exceed 5 ft/s.
During the establishment of grass linings in
drainage ditches or channels.
In temporary ditches where the short length of
service does not warrant establishment of
erosion-resistant linings.
TEMPORARY CHECK DAM -TYPES
Single row brushwood dam

Double row brushwood dam
Dry stone check dam
Woven wire check dam
Log check dam
POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED
For temporary check dam construction a
series of low structures rather than a larger one.
ADVANTAGE:
Less cost
Less chance of failure
Better protected vegetative cover
Suited for small catchments area
A spillway of suitable size safe passage.

Life depends on
materials used,
method of construction,
nature of gullies.
Usually 5 - 10 years.
Extension wall to prevent from washing away
WOOD BOARD CHECK DAM
SINGLE ROW BRUSHWOOD DAM

Small gullies of depth 2.5m.
Using brush wood & hay.
Single row of posts erected across
channel.
Butt end up streams & tied to the post.
Sides of gully sloped to 45 degree.
SINGLE ROW BRUSHWOOD DAM

20 cm depth dug .
Posts 10 cm dia. & erected at 0 .75 m.
Post kept at a depth of 1m .
Brushwood laid along the flow.
Tied to both the posts .
Lower brushwood is longer
A layer of hay is over the lower
brushwood.
Then subsequent layer .
A proper notch is needed for discharge.
DOUBLE ROW BRUSHWOOD DAM

Gullies up to 3m & 10 m wide
Catchment area 25 hec.
More effective than single row .
More labour & cost then single row .
A trench of size -1m &.4m dug across.
Posts 15 cm dia. & erected at 1m.
Post kept at a depth of .9 m in two rows.
Another line of posts 2m
DRY STONE CHECK DAM

Stones readily available.
Arc shaped with the convex side facing the currents.
Double the width of gully.
Foundation at a depth of 1.5 m.
Width of foundation thrice the top .
Apron is dug at a depth of 15cm infront.
Larger stones at the bottom.

Width is reduced like a step towards upstreams.
The wing wall is placed deep in the side walls of the
gully.
ROCK CHECK DAM
constructed of 8 to 12 in. rock.
WOVEN WIRE CHECK DAM

Modification of dry stone check dam .
Woven wire mesh keep the stones in place.
Wire mesh placed foundation & stone are
kept in it .
Wing wall & apron using wire mesh.
Costly but effective.
LOG CHECK DAM
Using logs of woods.

A series logs in a gully bed at 1.5 m.
Small logs both across & along form a wall.
Stones between the logs to obstruct the flow
Logs tied.
LOG CHECK
DAM
Logs can be bolted or wired to vertical support

logs that have been driven or buried into the soil.
GRAVEL BAG CHECK DAM
Gravel bags and sandbags should not be stacked any higher than 3 ft.
Fiber rolls and straw bales must be trenched in and firmly staked in place.
PERMANENT CHECK DAMS
Rubble masonry dam

Concrete dam.
Earthen dam.
RUBBLE MASONRY DAM

Width of side walls, apron, cut off walls
minimum 30cm
Slope - 0.5 - 1 below spillway.
Upstream slope 10 degree.
Length apron- 1.5 times to the ht.
Weep holes - base.
CONCRETE DAM
Width 30cm minimum
Upstream slope 10 degree.
Good grade cement
Length apron- 1.5 times to the
ht.
Weep holes - base.
EARTHEN DAM.
Easiest to construct .
Control gullies in forest areas .
Passage across the gullies.
The following guidance should be

followed for the design and layout
of check dams:
Install the first check dam approximately 16 ft from the
outfall device and at regular intervals based on slope
gradient and soil type.
Check dams should be placed at a distance and height
to allow small pools to form between each check dam.
Backwater from a downstream check dam should reach
the toes of the upstream check dam.
A sediment trap provided immediately upstream of the

check dam will help capture sediment. Due to the
potential for this sediment to be resuspended in
subsequent storms, the sediment trap must be cleaned
following each storm event.
High flows (typically a 2-year storm or larger) should
safely flow over the check dam without an increase in
upstream flooding or damage to the check dam.
Where grass is used to line ditches, check dams should
be removed when grass has matured sufficiently to
protect the ditch or swale.
LIMITATIONS
Not to be used in live streams or in channels with
extended base flows.
Not appropriate in channels that drain areas greater than
10 acres.
Not appropriate in channels that are already grass-lined
unless erosion is expected, as installation may damage
vegetation.
Require extensive maintenance following high velocity
flows.
Promotes sediment trapping which can be re-suspended
during subsequent storms or removal of the check dam.
Removal of temporary check dams should be difficult
FARM POND
Farm ponds are small tanks or reservoirs
constructed for the purpose of storing water
essentially from surface runoff.
Farm ponds are useful for irrigation, water supply
for the cattle, fish production etc.
Types of Ponds :
Depending on the source of water and their location
with respect to the land surface, farm ponds are
grouped into four types.
These are
(1) Dug out ponds
(2) Surface ponds
(3) Spring or Creek fed ponds and
(4) Off-stream storage ponds.
DUGOUT PONDS
Dugout Ponds are excavated at the site and the soil
obtained by excavation is formed as embankment
around the pond.
The pond could either be fed by surface runoff or
groundwater wherever aquifers are available.
In case of dugout ponds, if the stored water is to be
used for irrigation, the water has to be pumped out.
SURFACE WATER PONDS

Surface water ponds are the most common type
of farm ponds.
These are partly excavated and an embankment
is constructed to retain the water.
Generally a site which has a depression already
is chosen for this pond construction.
SPRING OR CREEK FED PONDS

Spring or creek fed ponds are those where a
spring or a creek is the source of water supply to
the pond.
Construction of these ponds, therefore, depends
upon the availability of natural springs or creeks.
OFF-STREAM STORAGE PONDS

Off-stream storage ponds are constructed by the
side of streams which flow only seasonally.
The idea is to store the water obtained from the
seasonal flow in the streams.
Suitable arrangements need to be made for
conveying the water from the stream to the storage
ponds.
COMPONENTS OF A FARM
POND:
The pond consists of the
Storage area,
Earthen dam,
Mechanical spillway &
Emergency spillway.
MECHANICAL
SPILLWAY
EMERGENCY
SPILLWAY
The
mechanical
spillway is used for
letting out the excess
water from the pond
and also as an outlet
for taking out the
water for irrigation.
The
emergency
spillway
is
to
safeguard the earthen
dam from overtopping
when there are inflows
higher
than
the
designed values.
DESIGN OF FARM POND

(1) Selection of site
(2) Determination of the capacity of the pond
(3) Design of the embankment
(4) Design of the mechanical spillway
(5) Design of the emergency spillway
(6) Providing for seepage control from the
bottom
SELECTION OF SITE
It is important as the cost of construction as
well as the utility of the pond depend upon the
site. The site for the pond is to be selected
keeping
in
view
of
the
following
considerations:
1. The site should be such that largest

storage volume is available with the
least amount of earth fill. A narrow
section of the valley with steep sides
slopes is preferable.
2. Large areas of shallow water should be avoided

as these will cause excessive evaporation
losses and also cause water weeds to grow.
3. The site should not cause excessive seepage
losses.
4. The pond should be located as near as possible
to the area where the water will be used. When
the water is to be used for irrigation, gravity flow
to the areas to be irrigated is preferable.
CAPACITY OF THE POND

It is determined from a contour survey of the site.
From the contour plan of the site the capacity is calculated
for different stages using the trapezoidal or simpsons rule.
For this purpose, the area enclosed by each contour is
measured using a planimeter.
According to the trapezoidal rule, the volume V

between two contours at an interval H and
having areas A1 and A2 is given by,
Using Simpsons rule the volume

between any odd number of contours
is given by,
This formula is also known as the prismodial rule. For using

this equation, the number of contours should be odd i.e. the
number of intervals considered should be even.
PERCOLATION POND
Percolation pond allows water to percolate

(or seep) through layers of rock and gravel
The water is cleaned as it slowly travels

downward and eventually reaches an
underground aquifer
The purpose of man made percolation

ponds is both to clean the water and to keep
the ground from sinking
Hard rock terrain covering two-third of the country These are quite popular in the states of
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Gujarat.
The percolation tank is more or less similar to check
dams or nala bund with a fairly large storage
reservoir.
A tank can be located either across small streams
by creating low elevation check dams or in
uncultivated land adjoining streams, through
excavation and providing a delivery canal
connecting the tanks and the stream.
Constructed in a terrain with highly fractured and

weathered rock
The aquifer to be recharged should have
sufficient thickness of permeable Vadose zone to
accommodate recharge (3 m below the ground
level to minimize the possibility of water logging)
A minimum well density of 3 to 5 per square
kilometres is desirable.
The nature of the catchment is to be evaluated
based on Stranges Table for classification under
Good, Average and Bad Category. It is advisable
to have the percolation tank in a good/ average
catchment.
Location - downstream of runoff zone or in the upper

part of the transition zone, with a land slope gradient of
3 to 5%.
The yield of a catchment area is generally from 0.44 to
0.55 MCM/sq.km in a low catchment area. Accordingly,
the catchment area for small tanks varies from 2.5 to 4
sq.km and for larger tanks from 5 to 8 sq.km.
Generally, a percolation tank is designed for a storage
capacity of 2.25 to 5.65 MCM. ( Design capacity should
normally not be more than 50 percent of the total
quantum of utilizable runoff from the catchment)
The height of the ponded water column about 3 to 4.5 m
above the bed level.
DESIGN ASPECTS
On the basis of
(a)the topographical setting of the impounded area, to calculate the
height and length of the dam wall, its gradient, width and the depth
of the foundation, taking into account the nature of the underlying
formation;
(b)details of the cut-off trench, to reduce seepage losses;
(c)height of stone pitching on the upstream slope to avoid erosion due
to ripple action and on the down stream slope from rain by suitable
turfing;
(d) upstream and downstream slopes to be moderate so that shear
stress is not induced in the foundation beyond a permissible limit;
and
(e) stability of the dam
normally earthen dams with masonry structures only for the

spillway.
Construction materials consist of a mixture of soil, silt,
loam, clay, sand, gravel, suitably mixed and laid in layers
and properly compacted to achieve stability and water
tightness.
The dam is not to be over-tapped, by providing adequate

length of waste weir and adequate free board.
A waste weir is provided to discharge surplus water when

the full pond level is reached.
REFERENCE
S.S NEGI., ISBN NO.:81-7089-212-0 HAND BOOK OF
FOREST ENGINEERING 1994, INTERNATIONAL BOOK
DISTRIBUTORS , RAJPUR ROAD,DEDRA DUN-248001
INDIA
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WELCOME

FFS 614 WATERSHED

CHECK DAMS MAY BE APPROPRIATE

In steep channels where storm water runoff

TEMPORARY CHECK DAM -TYPES

Single row brushwood dam

A spillway of suitable size safe passage.

WOOD BOARD CHECK DAM

SINGLE ROW BRUSHWOOD DAM

SINGLE ROW BRUSHWOOD DAM

DOUBLE ROW BRUSHWOOD DAM

DRY STONE CHECK DAM

Apron is dug at a depth of 15cm infront.

Larger stones at the bottom.

ROCK CHECK DAM

constructed of 8 to 12 in. rock.

WOVEN WIRE CHECK DAM

LOG CHECK DAM

Using logs of woods.

Logs can be bolted or wired to vertical support

GRAVEL BAG CHECK DAM

PERMANENT CHECK DAMS

Rubble masonry dam

RUBBLE MASONRY DAM

The following guidance should be

A sediment trap provided immediately upstream of the

SURFACE WATER PONDS

SPRING OR CREEK FED PONDS

OFF-STREAM STORAGE PONDS

DESIGN OF FARM POND

1. The site should be such that largest

2. Large areas of shallow water should be avoided

CAPACITY OF THE POND

According to the trapezoidal rule, the volume V

Using Simpsons rule the volume

This formula is also known as the prismodial rule. For using

Percolation pond allows water to percolate

The water is cleaned as it slowly travels

The purpose of man made percolation

Constructed in a terrain with highly fractured and

Location - downstream of runoff zone or in the upper

normally earthen dams with masonry structures only for the

The dam is not to be over-tapped, by providing adequate

A waste weir is provided to discharge surplus water when

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