Seaweed Culture Techniques

SEAWEED
CULTURE
TECHNIQUES
SBT 4435 MARINE ECOLOGY
MUHAMMAD NAFIS BIN RAHMAT
KAMARUDDIN BIN MANSUR
AMIR SAFWAN BIN HAMZAH
HANISAH BINTI UJANG
NUR SYAMIMI BINTI MOHD NAIL
1118337
1114219
1120219
1110546
1120234
HISTORY OF
SEAWEED
FARMING
History of
Seaweed
Farming
One of the earliest records of

seaweed farming Tokyo Bay, Japan,
1670
1970s larger scale cultivation was
considered
For over three decades since the
Second World War, production of
carrageenan was restricted by the
availability of natural stocks
End of 1960s search for more
diverse supply began
First seaweed farm established in
1969, in the Tawi-Tawi province of
south Philipines joint effort
between Marine Colloids Inc. and the
University of Hawaii Professor
Maxwell Doty
World
Aquaculture
Production
of Seaweed
Major producers
China
Indonesia
Philippines
Republic of Korea
Others
Japan
Malaysia
Zanzibar
Solomon Islands
Vietnam
SEAWEED
CULTURE
TECHNIQUES
BASIC
METHODS
OF
SEAWEED
CULTURE
1. Selection of Site
and Species
2. Seed Preparation
3. Planting
4. Harvesting
5. Drying
6. Storage
SELECTION OF
SITE AND
SPECIES
Selection of
Species
Easy availability
Rapid growth
Easy cultivability
Mode of reproduction
Tolerance to wide
range of physical and
chemical factors
Nutritional and market
value
Selection of
Site
Availability of
sunlight
Temperature
Water quality
Salinity
Depth
Waves and currents
SEED
PREPARATION
Seed
Preparation
Seedstock can be bought or

obtained from the wild or by
harvesting from the farm
Healthy strong branches should

be chosen
Free from foreign materials and

epiphytes
PLANTING
Planting
1. Bottom Monoline
Method
2. Suspended Monoline
Method
3. Long Line Floating
System
4. Bamboo Raft Method
5. Spider Web Method
6. Lantay Method
7. Hanging Rope Culture
Method
Bottom
Monoline
Method
Short stakes are used and then

erected on the seabed.
Arranged in rows and the seeded
lines have not floating.
Very shallow areas or exposed to
spring tides.
Procedures:
i.
Using a mallet, drive wooden posts

to the bottom one meter apart in
rows and 10 meters between rows.
ii.
Tie nylon monolines at both ends of

the posts, parallel to each other.
iii. The distance of the line from the

bottom should be about 2025 cm
(810 inches).
Bottom
Monoline
Method
Advantage
The structure is easy to
construct.
Disadvantages
It cannot be farmed on rocky
seabeds and supply of stakes
will getting low.
The minimum of water
movement will barely affect
the seaweed
Susceptible to grazing by
marine organisms.
Suspended
Monoline
Method
It uses long stakes around 1 to 1.5

meters long that are
erected on seabed and arranged
huge distance between rows.
Long seeded lines that float on
seawater.
Suitable for use in submerged
areas with 0.5 to 1.5 meters of
water depth at spring low tides.
The monolines are attached to a
wooden or bamboo frame, the size
of which varies depending on the
available frame materials.
The units are anchored to the
substrate from their corners, using
nylon ropes.
Floatation materials are attached to
the corner of the rafts to increase
Suspended
Monoline
Method
Advantage
the water movement is good
even with small wave action and
the distance of seaweed from
water surface is stable.
Disadvantages
Cannot be used on rocky
seabed as it might disrupt the
stakes.
The supply of stakes will
getting low(sedimentation).
The seaweed are vulnerable to
grazing.
Long Line
Floating
System
The long line floating system use ropes

that are suspended by floats and they
are anchored by weights.
The seeded lines are floating on the
seawater.
This technique can be applied on the
area with water depth of 1.5 meters or
more at spring low tide.
Long Line
Floating
System
Advantages
The water movement is good
even with light wave action,
The distance from water
surface is
persistent
The seaweeds are less
susceptible to grazing
organisms.
Disadvantage
It is quiet complicated to
construct the structure of the
suspended ropes and line
techniques.
Bamboo
Raft
Method
The use of bamboo poles

as floating tools and weight as anchors
The seeded lines may or may not have
floats.
This method is suitable for use in areas
with 1.0 meter water depth or more
at spring low tides.
The steps to construct this technique
are:
i.
Tie each corner to a large coral with a

cord so that the net is stretched
tightly.
ii.
And then, cut one meter piece of

bamboo and tie one piece to each
corner
of the net.
iii. Lastly, add additional net to the

previously constructed one.
Bamboo
Raft
Method
Advantages
Water movement is good
even with light wave action,
the distance from water
surface is
persistent
the seaweeds are less
susceptible to grazing
organisms.
Disadvantages
The bamboos are not easy to
get and somehow
it is expensive to buy.
The construction of the
bamboos is rather
complicated and
difficult.
Spider Web
Method
Also known as tumbo tumbo.

Similar to bamboo raft method
except suspension is done by
floaters.
Wide surface area allows higher
yield.
Flexible and environmental friendly.
Difficult to set up, and poses threats
to transportations.
Floating
Basket
Method
Also known as floating cage or
lantay method.
Use cage, basket, or bamboo
frame covered with net.
Seaweed plantlets are tied on the
mesh.
Protects seaweed from strong
wave action and natural predators.
Hanging
Rope
Culture
Method
A single floating raft rope connected
with culture ropes at certain intervals.
The raft rope is anchored using
bamboo stakes.
The culture ropes are attached to
weights at their ends.
Simple and easy to manage.
Lower seaweeds get less sunlight,
and the culture ropes may intertwine.
HARVESTING
Harvesting
DRYING
Drying
STORAGE
Storage
The seaweed should be stored in

a rainproof shed or warehouse.
Not recommended to store more
than 6-months
Must be kept dry to avoid
fermentation that could degrade
the quality of the carrageenans.
Marketing:
Multinational buyers
Seaweed processing factories
ADVANTAGES,
PROBLEMS, &
CHALLENGES OF
SEAWEED
CULTURE
Advantages
of Seaweed
Culture
Economic
Impact of
Seaweed
Culture
Bioremediation
Potential
Problems &
Challenges
of Seaweed
Culture
Ice-Ice
Disease
Seaweeds emit moist organic

substances that attract bacteria
Induce whitening and hardening
the branches
Unfavorable environment
i.
Water quality
ii. Light intensity

iii. Temperature
iv. Salinity
Water movement
Leads to significant decrease of
seaweed production and
carrageenan yield
Epiphytes
Infestation
& Silting
Natural
Predators/
Grazers
Rocky and coral reefs area

Longline culture method is less
vulnerable
Climate
Vulnerable to bad weather
Rough sea
Heavy rain
Choose site that are well

protected from tidal waves and
strong winds
Mobilize and harvest seaweed to
avoid any loss
THANK YOU

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SEAWEED

One of the earliest records of

Seedstock can be bought or

Healthy strong branches should

Free from foreign materials and

Short stakes are used and then

Using a mallet, drive wooden posts

Tie nylon monolines at both ends of

iii. The distance of the line from the

It uses long stakes around 1 to 1.5

The long line floating system use ropes

The use of bamboo poles

Tie each corner to a large coral with a

And then, cut one meter piece of

iii. Lastly, add additional net to the

Also known as tumbo tumbo.

The seaweed should be stored in

Seaweeds emit moist organic

ii. Light intensity

Rocky and coral reefs area

Choose site that are well

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