POWER GENERATION & DISTRIBUTION

Electromagnetic Induction

D.C. Generator

D.C. Motor

Growler Test

A.C. Motor

Alternator
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
The transfer of electric energy from one circuit to another
without the aid of electric connections is called
induction.

When electrical energy is transferred by means of a

magnetic field, it is called electromagnetic induction.

Electromagnetic induction occurs whenever there is

relative movement between a conductor and a magnetic
field, provided the conductor is cutting across the
magnetic lines of force and is not moving parallel to
them.
 FARADAY’S LAWS OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Faraday’s first law-Whenever a conductor

cuts magnetic flux, an e.m.f is induced in that
conductor or, Whenever the magnetic flux
linked with a circuit changes an e.m.f is always
induced in it.

Faraday’s second law -The magnitude of the

induced e.m.f is equal to the rate of change of
flux-linkages.
The relative movement may be
caused by a stationary conductor and
a moving field or by a moving
conductor with a stationary field.

A moving field may be provided by a

moving magnet or by changing the
value of the current in an
electromagnet.
 CLASSIFICATION
The two general classifications of electromagnetic
induction are generator action and transformer
action. Both actions are the same electrically but the
methods of operation are different.

DYNAMICALLY INDUCED E.M.F

Moving conductor, Stationary flux

STATICALLY INDUCED E.M.F

Varying flux, Stationary conductor
Self Induced E.M.F Mutually Induced E.M.F
The direction of induced e.m.f and current can
be found by applying left-hand-rule for
generators or Lenz’s Law.
Left-hand rule is used where induced e.m.f is
due to flux-cutting i.e. dynamically induced
e.m.f and Lenz’s when it is due to change by
flux-linkages i.e. statically induced e.m.f.
Faraday's second law determines the magnitude
of an induced e.m.f, and Lenz's law determines
the polarity.
 D.C. GENERATOR

DC generator is a device
which converts mechanical
energy into electrical
energy in the form of direct
current.
LEFT HAND RULE FOR GENERATOR

First finger – Flux

thuMb – Motion

Middle Finger – e.M.F

E.M.F INDUCED IN A COIL

When the
coil
links with the
max. flux,
max. e.m.f.
is induced in
it.
GENERATION OF D.C.

The
commutator
segment
changes the
polarity as the
coil travels
through a set
of poles but
not the brushes
as brushes are
fixed.
EFFECT OF INCREASING NO. OF COILS

Increase in no. of coils

reduces ripples of the d.c
voltage, as shown.
Increase in no. of loops
does not increase the
max. value of generated
voltage but increasing
the no. of turns in each
loop will increase this
value.
 PARTS OF A D.C GENERATOR

Armature Pole Shoes

A cylindrical structure in It provides the required
which slots are cut to magnetic flux. It can be a
house the copper permanent or
conductors electromagnet
Frame or Yoke Commutator
It provides path for the It converts the induced
magnetic flux. Also, it e.m.f into d.c.
holds the field coils &
pole pieces.
Carbon brush
Its function is to collect the d.c from the commutator
ARMATURE OF A DC GENERATOR
A cylindrical
structure,
made up of iron to
provide a highly
permeable path for
the flux to
concentrate around
the armature
conductor, in which
slots are cut to
house the coils.
 FIELD, POLE SHOES & WINDINGS

A practical d.c generator uses electromagnets

instead of permanent magnets. To produce a
magnetic field of the necessary strength with
permanent magnets would greatly increase the
size of the generator.
COMMUTATOR & CARBON BRUSH
The brushes ride on the
commutator, forming
electrical contact between
armature coils & external
circuit.
 TYPES OF D.C GENERATOR
D.C. SERIES GENERATOR
The armature & field are in series, so the flux
increases with increase in load, increasing the e.mf.
 D.C. SHUNT GENERATOR
The field is parallel to armature, thus the flux is
independent of the load current. So the e.m.f is almost
constant.
 D.C. COMPOUND GENERATOR
The series field has a rising voltage with load & the
shunt field has a drooping voltage characteristics. So
at higher loads, series field compensates the drop &
the terminal voltage is almost constant
 D.C. GENERATOR CHARACTERISTICS

Series
generator
with
rising
chas.

Shunt
generator
with
drooping
chas.
 ARMATURE REACTION

The current carrying armature conductor has its

own field, which increases with the current, which
weakens & distorts the main magnetic field
GENERATOR WITH INTERPOLE

An interpole has
the same polarity
as the next main
pole in the
direction of
rotation thus it
counteracts the
armature
reaction
D.C. GENERATOR ASSEMBLY
 D.C. MOTOR

DC motor is a device
which converts
electrical energy
into
mechanical energy
 FIELD SURROUNDING
PARALLEL CONDUCTORS

Force of Force of
attraction repulsion
FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING
CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
Whenever a
current
carrying
conductor is
placed in a
magnetic field,
a force moves
this conductor
from a region of
more flux to
lesser flux.
 RIGHT HAND RULE FOR MOTOR
If the first finger, thumb & the middle finger of the
right hand are stretched as shown, the thumb
indicates the direction of motion of the conductor.

First finger – Flux

Middle Finger – e.M.F
thuMb – Motion
 TORQUE ON A CURRENT
CARRYING COIL
On the upper side of the conductor ‘A’, flux is less &
at the bottom, it is more so it moves upwards
similarly ‘B’ moves downward, creating a torque.
 BASIC D.C. MOTOR OPERATION

There are positions, when there is no torque on the coil.

So, in a practical motor more no. of coils arranged at
different angles are used.
 BACK EMF IN A MOTOR

When the rotating armature cuts the main

magnetic field, an e.m.f is induced into it,
known as back emf. Back e.m.f increases
with speed. Difference between supply
voltage & back e.m.f decides the current
to the motor and the mechanical power
developed.
TYPES OF D.C. MOTOR
 REVERSING MOTOR DIRECTION

With SPDT switch With DPDT switch

GROWLER

The coil &

laminated core
of growler
form the
primary of a
transformer,
of which the
generator’s
armature
becomes the
secondary.
TESTING ARMATURE FOR SHORTS

The hacksaw
blade will
vibrate
vigorously, if
there is any
shorts in the
armature
windings.
TESTING A GROUND
IN THE ARMATURE
If a ground exists
between the
windings & the
core of the
armature, the test
lamp will glow.
This test may also
be accomplished
using an
ohmmeter.
 TESTING THE FIELD COILS
FOR SHORTED TURNS FOR SHORT TO GROUND
 A.C. MOTOR
AC motor or induction motor is a device,
which converts electrical energy (in the
form of a.c) to mechanical energy. The
stationary part is called as stator, the
rotating one as rotor. There is no
electrical contact between the stator &
the rotor. Conversion of energy is based
on electromagnetic induction.
 STATOR & ROTOR

A rotating magnetic field is produced when the

stator is excited with a 3–a.c. supply. The speed
of rotation is called as synchronous speed, as

Ns=120*f /P where f is the frequency & P is the

no. of poles
 CONSTRUCTION OF STATOR
It is made of number of stampings, which are slotted
to receive the windings. Since aircraft electrical
systems operate at 400 Hz, an induction motor may
operate at speeds ranging from 6,000 rpm to 24,000
rpm. Because of this high speed of rotation, 400-Hz
ac motors are suitable for operating small high-speed
rotors, through reduction gears, in lifting and moving
heavy loads, such as the wing-flaps, the retractable
landing gear and the starting of engines.
 SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR
This type of rotor consists of a cylindrical
laminated core with slots for carrying conductors,
which are heavy bars of copper, aluminium or
alloys. The rotor bars are brazed or electricity
welded or bolted to two end rings. In small motors,
the entire rotor core is placed in a mould and
casting all the bars and end-rings in one piece. The
metal commonly used is an aluminium alloy. The
motor operation depends upon the production of
eddy currents in the steel rotor.
 SLIP RING or PHASE WOUND ROTOR
This type of rotor is provided with 3-phase windings,
which are starred internally. The other three terminals are
brought out and connected to three insulated slip rings
mounted on the shaft with brushes resting on them, under
running condition, the slip rings are short-circuited. As
soon as current flows in the stator, the lines of magnetic
flux produced in the field coils cut across the rotor and
induce a voltage in the bars. The rotor has such an
extremely low resistance that the induced voltage causes a
large current to flow, and this current creates a magnetic
field that reacts with the rotating field in the stator.
 SLIP
The rotor of an induction motor will assume a
position in which the induced voltage is minimised.
There must be a difference in speed between the
rotor and the rotating field. This difference in speed
is called slip, and is expressed as a percentage of the
synchronous speed.
% slip = Ns-N x 100
Ns
Ns:- Synchronous speed = (120 x f / P) rpm
N:- Motor or Rotor speed
(Ns-N) is called the slip-speed
 CAPACITOR START A.C. MOTOR

1 – Ø a.c motors are not self starting.

A capacitor with starting winding offers a
phase shift & starts the motor.
SHADED POLE A.C. MOTOR
The necessary phase-splitting
is produced by induction. A
low-resistance, short-circuited
coil or copper band is placed
across one tip of each small
pole. The presence of the ring
causes the magnetic field
through the ringed portion of
the pole face to lag appreciably
behind that through the other
part of the pole-face.
 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Because of the magnetic locking between the

stationary & the rotating parts’ magnetic fields, it runs
at the synchronous speed only.
A 3-phase a.c is applied to the stator windings and a
rotating magnetic field is produced. A direct current
is applied to the rotor winding and another magnetic
field is produced.
Due to continuous and rapid rotation of stator poles,
the rotor is subjected to a torque which is rapidly
reversing i.e. the rotor is subjected to torque which
tends to move it first in one direction and then in the
opposite direction. Because of its large inertia, the
rotor can not instantaneously respond to such
quickly reversing torque and thus it remains
stationary. Thus, the synchronous motor is a not a
self-starting motor.
 All synchronous motors have some kind of starting device.
One type of simple starter is another motor, either ac or
dc, which brings the rotor up to approximately 90% of its
synchronous speed. The starting motor is then disconnected
and the rotor locks-in-steps with the rotating field.
Another starting method is a second winding of the
squirrel-cage type of rotor. This induction-winding brings the
motor almost to synchronous speed and when the dc is
disconnected to the rotor windings, the rotor pulls into step
with the field. If the load on the motor is increased, rotor tends
to fall back in phase but it still continuous to run
synchronously. The maximum torque, which the motor can
develop without pulling out of step or synchronism is, called
the pull-out-torque.
 COMPARISON BETWEEN SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR & INDUCTION MOTOR

For a given frequency, the synchronous motor runs at

a constant average speed whatever is the load, while
the speed of an induction motor falls somewhat with
increase in load.
A synchronous motor is not self-starting.
A dc excitation is required by synchronous motor but
not by induction motor.
A synchronous motor can be operated over a wide
range of power factor both lagging & leading but
induction motor always runs at lagging power factor,
which may become very low at light loads.
 ALTERNATOR
Armature, the
stationary part
contains 3 phase
windings and the
rotating magnetic
field induces a
three phase output
a.c voltage in
them.
 3- FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Phase A – 1, 4
Phase B – 3, 6
Phase C – 5, 2

+Ve Group – 1, 3, 5 -Ve Group – 2,

4, 6

Diodes between the lines of max. positive to

max. negative voltages conduct.
 3 Ø FWR - BRIDGE RECTIFIER
PHASE A PHASE B PHASE C

AVERAGE D.C.
(the output contains 6 pulses in one cycle)
VOLTAGE REGULATION

Induced e.m.f
is proportional
to the flux. By
controlling the
field circuit
resistance,
this e.m.f can
be controlled.
CARBON PILE VOLTAGE REGULATOR
Resistance of
the carbon
piles is
inversely
proportional to
the pressure.
So, more the
pressure, lesser
the resistance,
more the field
current for the
required e.m.f
THREE UNIT VOLTAGE REGULATOR
TRANSISTORISED
VOLTAGE REGULATOR