Lect 4multicomponemts Distillation
Lect 4multicomponemts Distillation
Lect 4multicomponemts Distillation
Multi component
Distillation
Vapor-liquid equilibrium is governed by :
Relative volatility, "ij, is defined by:
The distillation column separates two components
from each other. We call these the key components.
Key components appear in both products (key component
recoveries are less than 100%).
The light key component is recovered mainly in the distillate.
The heavy key component is recovered mainly in the bottom
product.
Non-key components
< Lighter than light key components - tend to go
with overhead product
< Heavier than heavier key components - tend to
go with the bottom product
< Intermediate boiling components - distribute
between the products
In preliminary design,
< The recovery of light key in the overhead
product ,and heavy key in the bottom must be
specified
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Fenske Equation
.
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Shiras et al Equation
Components distribution at
minimum reflux
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Underwood Equation
Minimum reflux ratio from the Underwood Equation
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Eduljee (1975)
Molokonov (1972)
Rusche (1999)
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where:
Nr: number of stages in rectifying section (above feed stage).
Ns: number of stages in stripping section (above feed stage).
zHmole fraction of heavy key component in feed.
zLmole fraction of light key component in feed.
.
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Where
E = overall stage efficiency (o<E<1)
L,H = relative volatility between the key components
L= liquid viscosity (mNsm-2)
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Column Types
1.
Tray columns:
Bubble Cap Trays.
Sieve Trays.
Valve Trays
2.Packed bed
columns.
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Tower design
A distillation tower design is made in two steps:
1.Process design :calculate the required stream
flows and number of theoretical stages. Reflux
rate, side draws, and the heat duties (number
of pump around and the condenser and
reboiler).
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Flooding velocity
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Column Diameter
Flooding velocity:
Active area of Column (A)=An-Ad.
Ad: Area of down comer , An: Net area of mass transfer,
C :12-36 in
Ad=(10-20%)*A~12% A.
Volumetric flow (Q m3/s)=velocity*area
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Liquid Entertainments
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Weeping Point
The minimum design vapor velocity is given by:
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Weir Length
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Tray design
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ah=0.1 Aa.
Ah=pi do2\4.
Aa=Ac-2Ad
Hole pitch :(2.5-5)dh( mm).
Tray thickness=(0.65-1.5)dh (mm).
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Height of Column
Height of column=Ht:
(Na-1)C+o.1 (Na*C) [Manholes]+o.1*
Ht (Top)+ o.1 Ht (Bottom)
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Pressure Drop
There are two main components to the
pressure drop:
1."dry tray" drop caused by
restrictions to vapor flow imposed by
the holes and slots.
2. Head of the liquid that the vapor
must flow through.
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Dry Losses
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Liquid Losses
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Pressure Drop
pt
p (/ tray)
35mmhg
3mmHg
atm 1
0.07-0.12
psi
atm 2<
0.15psi
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Tray Rauls
1.Maintain 1.2 meters at the top for vapor
disengagement
2. Maintain 2 meters at the bottom for liquid
level and reboiler return,
3. Limit tower heights to 60 meters because of
wind load and foundation concerns.
4. The height to diameter ratio should be less
than 30
5. Choose materials of construction to reduce
corrosion issues
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Thanks
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