E Sciencelesson1 121105211734 Phpapp01
E Sciencelesson1 121105211734 Phpapp01
E Sciencelesson1 121105211734 Phpapp01
Uniform acceleration
Energy transfer
Oscillating mechanical systems
DC electrical principles
AC circuits
Transformers
Information systems
Energy flow control systems
Interface system components
Uniform acceleration
2.2
Energy transfer
2.3
of
energy
transfer
in
Description of the
Objects Motion
(Position, Velocity,
& Acceleration)
Origin of the
Objects Motion
(Force, Momentum,
& Energy)
Statics
Kinematics
Kinetics
Position
Velocity
Acceleration
Types of motions
Translational motion
motion by which a body shifts from one point in space to another
e.g., the motion of a bullet red from a gun
Rotational motion
motion by which an extended body changes orientation, with respect
to other bodies in space, without changing position
e.g., the motion of a spinning top
Oscillatory motion
motion which continually repeats in time with a fixed period
e.g., the motion of a pendulum in a grandfather clock
Circular motion
motion by which a body executes a circular orbit about another fixed
body
e.g., the (approximate) motion of the Earth about the Sun
Angular displacement
s r
radianmeasure
s 2r
2
r
r
t to
t
avg
t to
t
d
lim
t 0 t
dt
Linear motion
Rotational motion
(linear acceleration, a)
( rotational acceleration, )
v v o at
o t
x x o 12 (v v o )t
o 12 ( o )t
1 2
x x o v ot at
2
1 2
o ot t
2
v 2 v o 2 2a ( x x o )
2 o 2 2 ( o )
s r
v r
at r.
v
2
at
r
r
Example 1
Properties of Inertia
Static inertia vs. dynamic inertia
Proportional to mass of the object:
"The more massive an object, the more it tends to
maintain its current state of motion."
Rotational inertia
Rotational inertia (or Moment of Inertia) I of an
object depends on:
- the axis about which the object is rotated.
- the mass of the object.
- the distance between the mass(es) and the axis of rotation.
- Note that must be in radian unit. The SI unit for I is
kg.m2 and it is a scalar.
I mi ri
i
ri
lim
mi
0 i
2
2
mi r dm r dV
Note that the moments of inertia are different for different axes
of rotation (even for the same object)
1
I ML2
3
I
1
ML2
12
Radius of Gyration
The mass moment of inertia of a body about
a specific axis can be defined using the
radius of gyration (k). The radius of gyration
has units of length and is a measure of the
distribution of the bodys mass about the
axis at which the moment of inertia is
defined.
I
2
I = m k or k
m
Note that the moments of inertia are different for different axes of
rotation (even for the same object)
I 12 Mr 2
(b)
(a )
I 23 Mr2
For example, we can apply parallel axis theorem in the case of (a)
and (b) above.
First law
A particle originally at rest, or moving in a
straight line at constant velocity, will remain
in this state if the resultant force acting on
the particle is zero
Newtons First Law looked at objects at rest or
under constant velocity.
No net force was acting on these objects
Second law
The first and third laws were used in developing the concepts
of statics. Newtons second law forms the basis of the study of
dynamics.
Mathematically, Newtons second law of motion can be written
F = ma
where F is the resultant unbalanced force acting on the particle,
and a is the acceleration of the particle. The positive scalar m
is called the mass of the particle.
Proof :
Ft mat
Ft r mat r
Since
at r,
m ( r) r (m r 2 )
Third law
For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
When one body exerts a force on a second, the second
body exerts a reaction force that is equal in magnitude
and opposite in direction on the first.
Eg: bullet vs. gun, fist fighting, rocket
For every interaction, the forces always come in pairs
(twos).
The ACTION FORCE (Object A exerts a force on object B )and
The REACTION FORCE (Object B exerts a force on object A )
They are equal in strength and opposite in direction
Derivation
The trick is to pick your reference
frame correctly!
Think of the wheel as sitting still
and the ground moving past it with
speed V.
Velocity of ground (in bike frame) =
-wR
=> Velocity of bike (in ground frame)
= wR
Friction
Force acting at the area of contact between two
surfaces
Magnitude: proportional to the friction coefficient
and the normal reaction force
Direction: opposite that of motion or motion
tendency
Types: sliding and rolling
Sliding: due to relative motion of the surfaces
Rolling: due to deformation of the surfaces
Friction (continued)
Static vs. Kinetic Friction
Max. static friction: max. force required to
initiate a motion
Kinetic (dynamic) friction: force required to
maintain the motion
Banking Angle
Your car has m and is
traveling with a speed
V around a curve with
Radius R
What angle, , should
the road be banked so
that no friction is
required?
Skidding on a Curve
A car of mass m rounds a curve on a flat
road of radius R at a speed V.
What coefficient of friction is required so
there is no skidding?
Kinetic or static friction?
Conical Pendulum
A small ball of mass m is
suspended by a cord of
length L and revolves
in a circle with a radius
given by
r = L sin .
1. What is the velocity of
the ball?
2. Calculate the period of
the ball
Weight
When near the surface of the earth, the only gravitational force having any sizable
magnitude is that between the earth and the body. This force is called the weight
of the body
Gravity acting on a body from the Earth
Direction: downward
The weight of a body is not absolute, since it depends on the gravitational field in
which it is measured. Weight is defined as
W = mg
where g is the acceleration due to gravity (weight in mass and earth)
Momentum
Amount of motion
Momentum = (mass)(velocity)
Important in giving or receiving impact, collision, etc.
Vector
Impulse
Collision characterized by the exchange of a large force during a short
time period
Accumulated effect of force exerted on an object for a period of time
Impulse = (force)(time)
Increase in F or t increase in I
Vector
Equal to the change in momentum of the system
Example 2
A compact disc player disc from rest and
accelerates to its final velocity of 3.50 rev/s in
1.50s. What is the disk's average angular
acceleration?
Example 3
The blades of a blender rotate at a rate of
7500rpm. When the motor is turned off
during operation, the blades slow to rest
in 3.0 seconds. What is the angular
acceleration?
Example 4
How fast is the outer edge of a CD (at 6.0
cm) moving when it is rotating at its top
speed of 22.0 rad/s?
Example 5
How many rotations does the CD from the first
problem make while coming up to speed from
rest to wf = 22.0 rad/sec at a= 14.7 rad/s 2
Example 6
A wheel with radius 0.5m makes 55 revolutions as it
changes speed from 80km/h to 30 km/h. The wheel
has a diameter of 1 meter. (a) What was the angular
acceleration? (b) How long is required for the wheel
to come to a stop if it decelerated at that rate?
Bicycle example
A bicycle with initial linear velocity V0 (at t0=0)
decelerates uniformly (without slipping) to rest over a
distance d. For a wheel of radius R:
a)
b)
c)
d)
B) weight
C) internal forces
mg
A)
kN
B)
kN
N
N
mg
C)
kmg
N
may
=
Rx
B)
max
=
Rx
Ry
C)
may
=
Ry
D)
max
Ry
may
=
Ry
max
equal to zero
equal and opposite and do not affect the calculations
negligibly small
not important
10
k10
N
B)
10
k10
N
C)
10
kN
N
F
v
B
7. When a pilot flies an airplane in a
vertical loop of constant radius r at
constant speed v, his apparent weight
is maximum at
A) Point A
D
B) Point B (top of the loop)
C) Point C
B) 14
C) 26
D) 75
B) 4 cm/sec, 0 rad/sec2
C) 8 cm/sec, 16 rad/sec2
D) 16 cm/sec, 0 rad/sec2