03b Admixtures 141016062553 Conversion Gate02

Admixtures
Definition
Admixtures
are
those ingredients
in concrete other
than
Portland
cement,
water,
and aggregates
that are added to
the
mixture
immediately
before or during
mixing.
12/7/16
Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1
Reason for Use of

Admixture
To
reduce the cost of concrete

construction
To achieve certain properties in concrete
more effectively than by other means
To maintain the quality of concrete
during the stages of mixing,
transporting, placing, and curing in
adverse weather conditions
To overcome certain emergencies
during concreting operations
Admixture Effectiveness
The
effectiveness of an admixture
depends upon:
Type, brand, and amount of
cementing materials
water content
aggregate shape, gradation and
proportions
mixing time
Slump
Temperature of the concrete.
12/7/16
Admixtures Classification
Air-entraining
admixtures
Water-reducing
admixtures
Plasticizers
Accelerating admixtures
Retarding admixtures
Hydration-control
admixtures
Corrosion inhibitors
Shrinkage reducers
Alkali-silica reactivity
inhibitors
Coloring admixtures
Miscellaneous
admixtures such as
workability,
bonding,
dampproofing,
permeability reducing,
grouting,
gas-forming,
anti washout,
foaming,
pumping admixtures
12/7/16
Brief History of Admixture

Use
12/7/16
Plasticizer (Water Reducer)

Admixtures
A
material, which either increases

workability of freshly mixed concrete
without increasing water cement ratio or
maintains workability with a reduced
amount of water, is termed as water
reducing admixture.
Reduction in water depends on dose of
Admixtures
cement content
type of aggregate
ratio of cement ,fine and coarse aggregate
12/7/16
Plasticizers - Chemical Composition:

Lignosulfonic
acids, derivatives and their salts.

Hydroxylated carboxylic acids, their salts and
derivatives.
Naphthalene sulphonic acid based
Sulfonated melamine polycondensation
products
Blends of above
Inorganic material like borates, phosphates,
amines and their derivatives, carbohydrates,
sugar and certain polymeric compounds like
cellulose, ethers etc.
12/7/16
Plasticizers - Advantages
Increase
the workability of the

concrete without reducing the
compressive strength
High strength can be obtained with
the same cement content by reducing
water cement ratio.
Saving in the quantity of cement
(approx. upto 10%) can be achieved
keeping the same water/ cement ratio
and workability.
12/7/16
Effect on Cement Particles
12/7/16
10
Use of Plasticizers:
Description
Dosage.
Cement W/C Slump
Compressive
strength N/mm2
of mix
% cement wt kg/m3
Ratio cm
1 day 3 days 7 days
28 days
Reference -- 300
0.6 7
7
18 26 34
Plasticizes 0.2%
300
0.6 10 7
18 28 37
0.3% 300
0.6 12 6
17 27 35
Strength increase 0.2%
300
0.56
7
7
21 32 41
0.3% 300
0.54
7
8
23 33 44
Cement saving 0.2%
280
0.6 7
7
19 28 36
0.3% 270
0.6 7
6
19 27 35
12/7/16
11
Rate of Slump Loss Plasticizer
Setting Time Retardation by

Plasticizers
Effects of Plasticizer
Fluidize the mortar or concrete.

Reduces water requirement by 5-15% .
Improves workability. Increase in slump
from 30-150 mm.
May entrain air at a small percentage(12%).
Likely to retard setting and hardening.
Increase in concrete strength 10 20%.
Rapid slump loss.
Small effect on drying shrinkage.
Super Plasticizer
Super
Plasticizers are water

reducers, chemically different
from the plasticizers or normal
water reducer and capable of
reducing water content by about
30% or increasing slump upto
200mm
without
causing
segregation
or
bleeding
in
concrete.
12/7/16
15
Super Plasticizer Chemical

Composition
Sulfonated
melamine formaldehyde
condensates
Sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde
condensates
Modified lignosulfonates
Others such as sulfonic acid esters
and carbohydrate esters
12/7/16
16
Advantages
Cement
content can be reduced to a

greater
extent
keeping
the
same
water/cement ratio. This will lead to
economy.
Water-cement ratio can be reduced
significantly
keeping
same
cement
content and workability. This will lead to
increase in strength.
Higher workability at very low water
cement ratio like casting concrete with
heavy reinforcement..
Reduction in permeability
12/7/16
17
Effect of use of Super

Plasticizers
SN
Dosage in Lt/50
W/C ration Cement content
Slump in mm
kg/m
3
kg of cement
I Control Mix
0.55
350
50
II
0.2
0.55
350
80
III
0.4
0.55
350
150
IV
0.6
0.55
350
200
12/7/16
18
Slump Loss Due to Super

Plasticizer
Click icon to add picture
Slump loss at 32C (90F) in flowing concretes (TN,

TM, TB, and TX) compared with control mixture (TC)
12/7/16
19
Retardation in Setting
Time
Retardation of set in flowing concrete with Super

plasticizers
(N, M, B, and X) relative to control mixture
12/7/16
20
Strength Development
12/7/16
Compressive
strength
development
in flowing
concretes. C
is the control
mixture.
Mixtures FN,
FM, and
FX contain
super
plasticizers
21
Effect on Air Content
12/7/16
22
Effects on Bleeding of Concrete

Bleeding of
flowing
concretes
with
plasticizers
(N,
M, B, and X)
compared to
control (C)
12/7/16
23
Retarding Admixtures
Retard setting time of concrete.

Retardation of up to 10 hours is
possible.
Help obtain architectural finishes.
Reduce slump loss.
Offset effects of hot weather.
Reduction in early strength
expected.
Affects on shrinkage unpredictable.
Chemical Composition
Lignosulphonic
acids and their

salts. e.g. Na, Ca or NH4,
Hydro-carboxylic acids and their
salts.
Carbohydrates including sugar.
Inorganic salts based on
flourates, phosphates, oxides,
borax and magnesium salts.
12/7/16
25
Advantages of Retarders
Improves
workability, cohesion and extends setting time,

provides protection against delays and stoppages and
facilitates keeping workable concrete for extended period.
In the large construction, good workability of the concrete
throughout the placing period and prevention of cold joints is
ensured by adding retarders in the concrete.
Extended setting time minimise risks of long distance delivery
in hot weather, improves pumpability of concrete by extended
setting period and improved workability of concrete.
Reduces bleeding and segregation where poor sand grading
are unavoidable.
Reduces adverse environmental effects of various nature on
concrete and embedded steel by considerable reduction in
permeability.
12/7/16
26
Materials - Retarders
Gypsum.
Starches.
Cellulose.
Sugar.
Acids
and salts.
Lignosulphonic acids and theirs salts.
Hydroxylated carboxylic acids and
their salts.
Calcium Acetate
Accelerators
Accelerators
are admixtures which

increase the rate of early strength
development in concrete to:
Permit early removal of formwork.

Reduce curing period.
Early use of structure.
Compensate effects of low temperature.
Emergency repair work.
Accelerators
Material
Accelerators
Alkali Hydroxides,
Silicates
Fluoro-Silicates
Organic Compounds,
Calcium Formates,
Calcium Nitrates
Calcium ThioSulphates
Aluminium Chlorides
Potassium Carbonates
Sodium Chlorides
Calcium Chlorides.
Mechanism
Accelerators
Not explicitly understood.
Set accelerate formation
of ettringite.
Inorganic accelerate rate
of dissolution of
tricalcium silicate
resulting in better
hydration.
Hardening accelerators
reduce distance between
CSH to interaction and
better strength.
12/7/16
29
Advantages
Shortens
the setting time of cement and therefore

increases the rate of gain of strength.
Enables earlier release from precast moulds thus
speeding production.
Reduces segregation and increase density and
compressive strength.
Cures concrete faster and therefore uniform curing
in winter and summer can be achieved.
Early use of concrete floors by accelerating the
setting of concrete.
Reduces water requirements, bleeding, shrinkage
and time required for initial set.
12/7/16
30
Calcium Chloride
Calcium
chloride (CaCl2) is the chemical

most commonly used in accelerating
admixtures, especially for non reinforced
concrete.
Should not exceed 2% by mass of
cementing material.
An overdose can result in placement
problems and can be detrimental to
concrete. It may cause: rapid stiffening, a
large
increase
in
drying
shrinkage,
corrosion of reinforcement, and loss of
strength at later ages
12/7/16
31
Air Entraining Admixtures

Allow
introuction of fine air bubbles

in concrete .
Entrapped air remains even after
hardening.
May result in loss of strength.
Require good control of dosage being
effective.
Chemical Composition
Abietic
and pimeric acid salts

Fatty Acid salts
Alkyl - aryl sulphonates
Alkyl sulphonates
Phenol ethoxylates
12/7/16
33
Advantages
Durability
Reduced
bleeding and segregation because of :
Attachment of air bubbles with cement particle and
linking them.
Increase in inter particle attraction caused by
adsorption of air entrainer.
Bubble acting as extra fine filler and increased total
surface area of constituents relative to water volume.
Water flow between cement particles is restricted.
Workability
increased due to action of air

bubbles as ball bearing which assist movement
of particles each other.
12/7/16
34
Other Admixtures
HYDRATION-CONTROL
ADMIXTURE .
CORROSION INHIBITORS.
CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES TO REDUCE ALKALI-AGGREGATE
REACTIVITY (ASR INHIBITORS)
SHRINKAGE-REDUCING ADMIXTURES.
COLORING ADMIXTURES (PIGMENTS)
PUMPING AIDS
DAMPPROOFING ADMIXTURES
BONDING ADMIXTURES AND BONDING AGENTS
PERMEABILITY-REDUCING ADMIXTURES
GROUTING ADMIXTURES
FUNGICIDAL, GERMICIDAL, AND INSECTICIDAL ADMIXTURES
ANTIWASHOUT ADMIXTURES
GAS-FORMING ADMIXTURES
12/7/16
35

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Admixtures

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Reason for Use of

reduce the cost of concrete

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Brief History of Admixture

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plasticizer (Water Reducer)

material, which either increases

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plasticizers - Chemical Composition:

acids, derivatives and their salts.

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

the workability of the

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Effect on Cement Particles

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Rate of Slump Loss Plasticizer

Setting Time Retardation by

Fluidize the mortar or concrete.

Plasticizers are water

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Super Plasticizer Chemical

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

content can be reduced to a

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Effect of use of Super

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Slump Loss Due to Super

Slump loss at 32C (90F) in flowing concretes (TN,

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Retardation of set in flowing concrete with Super

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Effect on Air Content

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Effects on Bleeding of Concrete

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Retard setting time of concrete.

acids and their

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

workability, cohesion and extends setting time,

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

are admixtures which

Permit early removal of formwork.

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

the setting time of cement and therefore

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

chloride (CaCl2) is the chemical

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Air Entraining Admixtures

introuction of fine air bubbles

and pimeric acid salts

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

bleeding and segregation because of :

Attachment of air bubbles with cement particle and