Admixtures in Concrete
Admixtures in Concrete
Admixtures in Concrete
TOPIC 1 ADMIXTURES IN
CONCRETE
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Admixtures
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Classification
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Chemical Admixtures
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Accelerating Admixture
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Concrete is pre-stressed.
Concrete contains embedded aluminum such as
conduits, especially if the aluminum is in conduct
with steel.
Concrete is subjected to alkali-aggregate reaction.
Concrete is in contact with water or soils containing
sulfates
Concrete is placed during hot weather.
Mass applications of concrete.
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Reinforced concrete
subjected to chloride in
service
Reinforced concrete
protected from moisture
0.15
0.30
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1.00
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Retarding Admixture
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Water-Reducing Admixture
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Levels of Effectiveness
Conventional (low-range)
Mid-range
High range (Superplaticizer)
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Families of Superplasticizers
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Effect of Superplasticizer
Increase in workability
Increase in compressive strength
Eliminates segregation
Allow good dispersion of cement particles in
water
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Air-Entraining Admixture
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Air-Entraining Admixture
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Chemical Admixture
Description
Applications
Water-reducing Admixture
Retarding admixture
Accelerating admixture
Air-entraining admixture
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Mineral Admixtures
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Reactive
Silica
Rocks
and
Minerals
ROCKS
Reactive Minerals
Arenite
Tridymite
Arkose
Shale
Cristobalite
Volcanic glass
Sandstone
Cryptocrysalline (or
microcrystalline) quartz
Strained quartz
Limestone
Chert
Flint
Quartzite
Quartz-arenite
Gneiss
Argillite
Granite
Greywacke
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Siltstone
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Silica Crystals
Tetrahedral coordination of silica (SiO2), the basic building block of the most ideal glass former.
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The pore solution pH influences the solubility of silica. The higher the pH
(the more OH-), the more likely silica will dissolve.
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Pozzolans
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Pozzolanic Activity
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Pozzolanic Reaction
Hydration process:
cement + H2O
C-S-H gel + Ca(OH)2
Pozzolanic reaction:
Ca(OH)2 + H4SiO4 > Ca2+ + H2SiO42- + 2
H2O > CaH2SiO4 2 H2O (Calcium
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Pozzolanic Reaction
The ratio Ca/Si, or C/S, and the number of water molecules can vary
and the here above-mentioned stoichiometry (the calculation of
quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and
products in a balanced chemical reaction) may differ.
As the density of CSH is lower than that of Portlandite and pure
silica, a consequence of this reaction is a swelling of the reaction
products.
This reaction may also occur with time in concrete between alkaline
cement pore water and poorly-crystalline silica aggregates (ASR).
This delayed process is also known as alkali-silica reaction (ASR),
or alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR), and may be very damageable to
concrete structures because the resulting volumetric expansion is
also responsible for spalling and decrease of the concrete strength.
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Example of Pozzolans
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Method of Replacement
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Fly Ash
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Three types:
Class N Fly Ash- Raw or calcined natural pozzolans,
including diatomaceous earths, opaline cherts and
shales, ruffs and volcanic ashes or pumicites, and
some calcined clays and shales.
Class F Fly Ash- low calcium fly ash (5-10% CaO).
Has no cementitious properties but can react with
calcium hydroxide (pozzolan properties)
Class C Fly ash high-calcium fly ash (15 to 30%
CaO). Has cementitious properties in addition to
pozzolanic properties
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Silica Fume
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Natural Pozzolans
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Type of cement
Mix proportions and method of mixing
Temperature and time when the admixture is
added into the mix
Chemical composition of the admixture
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Selection of material
Trial mix
Short-term and long-term effect
Eliminate over-dosing on site
Manufacturers advice
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References
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