Ppt-Class and Objects in Java OOP

Chapter 5
Classes and Objects in

Java
Application Programming in
Java
1992-2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights

Reserved.
3.2 Instance Variables, set Methods

and get Methods
Each class you create becomes a new type that can be
used to declare variables and create objects.
You can declare new classes as needed; this is one
reason Java is known as an extensible language.
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Application Programming in Java
Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights

Reserved.
3.2.1 A ccou n t Class with an

Instance Variable, a set Method
and a get Method
3

Reserved.
3.2.1 A ccou n t Class with an Instance

Variable, a set Method and a get
Method (Cont.)
Class Declaration
Each class declaration that begins with the access
modifier public must be stored in a file that has the
same name as the class and ends with the .java
filename extension.
Every class declaration contains keyword class
followed immediately by the classs name.
4

Reserved.

Method (Cont.)
Identifiers and Camel Case Naming
Class, method and variable names are identifiers.
By convention all use camel case names.
Class names begin with an uppercase letter, and
method and variable names begin with a lowercase
letter.
5

Reserved.

Method (Cont.)
Instance Variable name
An object has attributes that are implemented as instance
variables and carried with it throughout its lifetime.
Instance variables exist before methods are called on an
object, while the methods are executing and after the
methods complete execution.
A class normally contains one or more methods that
manipulate the instance variables that belong to particular
objects of the class.
Instance variables are declared inside a class declaration
but outside the bodies of the classs method declarations.
Each object (instance) of the class has its own copy of each
of the classs instance variables.
6

Reserved.
7

Reserved.

Method (Cont.)
Access Modifiers public and private
Most instance-variable declarations are preceded with
the keyword private, which is an access modifier.
Variables or methods declared with access modifier
private are accessible only to methods of the class
in which theyre declared.
8

Reserved.

Method (Cont.)
setName Method of Class Account
Parameters are declared in a comma-separated
parameter list, which is located inside the parentheses
that follow the method name in the method
declaration.
Multiple parameters are separated by commas.
Each parameter must specify a type followed by a
variable name.
9

Reserved.

Method (Cont.)
Parameters Are Local Variables
Variables declared in the body of a particular method
are local variables and can be used only in that
method.
When a method terminates, the values of its local
variables are lost.
A methods parameters are local variables of the
method.
10

Reserved.

Method (Cont.)
setName Method Body
Every methods body is delimited by left and right
braces ({ and }).
Each methods body contains one or more statements
that perform the methods task(s).
11

Reserved.
12

Reserved.

Method (Cont.)
getName Method of Class Account
The methods return type specifies the type of data
returned to a methods caller.
Keyword void indicates that a method will perform a
task but will not return any information.
Empty parentheses following a method name indicate
that the method does not require any parameters to
perform its task.
When a method that specifies a return type other than
void is called and completes its task, the method
must return a result to its calling method.
13

Reserved.

Method (Cont.)
The return statement passes a value from a called

method back to its caller.
Classes often provide public methods to allow the
classs clients to set or get private instance
variables.
The names of these methods need not begin with set or
get, but this naming convention is recommended.
14

Reserved.
3.2.2 A ccou n tTest Class That

Creates and Uses an Object of
Class A ccou n t
Driver Class AccountTest
A class that creates an object of another class, then
calls the objects methods, is a driver class.
15

Reserved.
16

Reserved.
17

Reserved.

Class A ccou n t (Cont.)
Scanner Object for Receiving Input from
the User
Scanner method nextLine reads characters until a
newline character is encountered, then returns the
characters as a String.
Scanner method next reads characters until any
white-space character is encountered, then returns the
characters as a String.
18

Reserved.
3.2.2 A ccou n tTest Class That Creates

and Uses an Object of Class A ccou n t
(Cont.)
Instantiating an ObjectKeyword new
and Constructors
A class instance creation expression begins with
keyword new and creates a new object.
A constructor is similar to a method but is called
implicitly by the new operator to initialize an objects
instance variables at the time the object is created.
19

Reserved.

(Cont.)
Calling Class Accounts getName Method
To call a method of an object, follow the object name
with a dot separator, the method name and a set of
parentheses containing the methods arguments.
20

Reserved.
21

Reserved.

(Cont.)
nullthe Default Initial Value for String
Variables
Local variables are not automatically initialized.
Every instance variable has a default initial valuea
value provided by Java when you do not specify the
instance variables initial value.
The default value for an instance variable of type
String is null.
22

Reserved.

Calling Class Accounts setName Method
A method call supplies valuesknown as arguments
for each of the methods parameters.
Each arguments value is assigned to the
corresponding parameter in the method header.
The number of arguments in a method call must match
the number of parameters in the method declarations
parameter list.
The argument types in the method call must be
consistent with the types of the corresponding
parameters in the methods declaration.
23

Reserved.
3.2.3 Compiling and Executing

an App with Multiple Classes
The javac command can compile multiple classes at

once.
Simply list the source-code filenames after the
command with each filename separated by a space
from the next.
If the directory containing the app includes only one
apps files, you can compile all of its classes with the
command javac *.java.
The asterisk (*) in *.java indicates that all files in
the current directory ending with the filename
extension .java should be compiled.
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Reserved.
3.2.4 A ccou n t UML Class Diagram with

an Instance Variable and set and get
Methods
Top Compartment
In the UML, each class is modeled in a class diagram
as a rectangle with three compartments. The top one
contains the classs name centered horizontally in
boldface.
25

Reserved.
26

Reserved.

Methods (Cont.)
Middle Compartment
The middle compartment contains the classs
attributes, which correspond to instance variables in
Java.
27

Reserved.

Methods (Cont.)
Bottom Compartment
The bottom compartment contains the classs operations,
which correspond to methods and constructors in Java.
The UML represents instance variables as an attribute
name, followed by a colon and the type.
Private attributes are preceded by a minus sign () in the
UML.
The UML models operations by listing the operation name
followed by a set of parentheses.
A plus sign (+) in front of the operation name indicates that
the operation is a public one in the UML (i.e., a public
method in Java).
28

Reserved.

Methods (Cont.)
Return Types
The UML indicates an operations return type by
placing a colon and the return type after the
parentheses following the operation name.
UML class diagrams do not specify return types for
operations that do not return values.
Declaring instance variables private is known as
data hiding or information hiding.
29

Reserved.

Methods (Cont.)
Parameters
The UML models a parameter of an operation by
listing the parameter name, followed by a colon and
the parameter type between the parentheses after the
operation name
30

Reserved.
3.2.5 Additional Notes on Class

A ccou n tTest
static Method main
You must call most methods other than main
explicitly to tell them to perform their tasks.
A key part of enabling the JVM to locate and call
method main to begin the apps execution is the
static keyword, which indicates that main is a
static method that can be called without first
creating an object of the class in which the method is
declared.
31

Reserved.

A ccou n tTest (Cont.)
Notes on import Declarations
Most classes youll use in Java programs must be
imported explicitly.
Theres a special relationship between classes that are
compiled in the same directory.
By default, such classes are considered to be in the
same packageknown as the default package.
Classes in the same package are implicitly imported
into the source-code files of other classes in that
package.
32

Reserved.

A ccou n tTest (Cont.)
An import declaration is not required when one

class in a package uses another in the same package.
An import- declaration is not required if you always
refer to a class with its fully qualified class name,
which includes its package name and class name.
33

Reserved.
34

Reserved.
3.2.6 Software Engineering with p rivate

Instance Variables and public set and
get Methods
Declaring instance variables private is known as

data hiding or information hiding.
35

Reserved.
3.3 Primitive Types vs. Reference

Types
Types in Java are divided into two categoriesprimitive

types and reference types.
The primitive types are boolean, byte, char, short,
int, long, float and double.
All other types are reference types, so classes, which
specify the types of objects, are reference types.
A primitive-type variable can store exactly one value of its
declared type at a time.
Primitive-type instance variables are initialized by default.
Variables of types byte, char, short, int, long,
float and double are initialized to 0.
36

Reserved.
3.3 Primitive Types vs. Reference

Types (Cont.)
Variables of type boolean are initialized to false.

Reference-type variables (called references) store the
location of an object in the computers memory.
Such variables refer to objects in the program.
The object thats referenced may contain many instance
variables and methods.
Reference-type instance variables are initialized by default
to the value null.
A reference to an object is required to invoke an objects
methods.
A primitive-type variable does not refer to an object and
therefore cannot be used to invoke a method.
37

Reserved.
3.4 A ccou n t Class: Initializing

Objects with Constructors
Each class you declare can optionally provide a

constructor with parameters that can be used to
initialize an object of a class when the object is
created.
Java requires a constructor call for every object thats
created.
38

Reserved.
3.4.1 Declaring an A ccou n t

Constructor for Custom Object
Initialization
39

Reserved.
40

Reserved.
3.4.1 Declaring an A ccou n t Constructor

for Custom Object Initialization (Cont.)
41

Reserved.
3.4.2 Class A ccou n tTest: Initializing

Account Objects When Theyre Created
42

Reserved.

(Cont.)
Constructors Cannot Return Values
Constructors can specify parameters but not return types.
Default Constructor
If a class does not define constructors, the compiler
provides a default constructor with no parameters, and the
classs instance variables are initialized to their default
values.
Theres No Default Constructor in a Class
That Declares a Constructor
If you declare a constructor for a class, the compiler will
not create a default constructor for that class.
43

Reserved.
44

Reserved.

(Cont.)
Adding the Contructor to Class Accounts
UML Class Diagram
The UML models constructors in the third
compartment of a class diagram.
To distinguish a constructor from a classs operations,
the UML places the word constructor between
guillemets ( and ) before the constructors name.
45

Reserved.
46

Reserved.
3.5 A ccou n t Class with a Balance;

Floating-Point Numbers and Type
d ou b le
A floating-point number is a number with a decimal point.

Java provides two primitive types for storing floating-point
numbers in memoryfloat and double.
Variables of type float represent single-precision
floating-point numbers and have seven significant digits.
Variables of type double represent double-precision
floating-point numbers.
These require twice as much memory as float variables
and provide 15 significant digitsapproximately double
the precision of float variables.
Floating-point literals are of type double by default.
47

Reserved.
3.5.1 A ccou n t Class with a b alan ce

Instance Variable of Type d ou b le
48

Reserved.
49

Reserved.
50

Reserved.
3.5.2 A ccou n tTest Class to Use

Class A ccou n t
51

Reserved.
52

Reserved.
53

Reserved.
54

Reserved.

Scanner method nextDouble returns a double

value.
55

Reserved.

Formatting Floating-Point Numbers for
Display
The format specifier %f is used to output values of
type float or double.
The format specifier %.2f specifies that two digits of
precision should be output to the right of the decimal
point in the floating-point number.
56

Reserved.

57

Reserved.

The default value for an instance variable of type

double is 0.0, and the default value for an instance
variable of type int is 0.
58

Reserved.

59

Reserved.

60

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3.6 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case

Study: Using Dialog Boxes
61

Reserved.
62

Reserved.
63

Reserved.
64

Reserved.
65
1992-2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Ppt-Class and Objects in Java OOP

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Ppt-Class and Objects in Java OOP

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Chapter 5

Classes and Objects in

1992-2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights

3.2 Instance Variables, set Methods

Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights

3.2.1 A ccou n t Class with an

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3.2.1 A ccou n t Class with an Instance

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3.2.1 A ccou n t Class with an Instance

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3.2.1 A ccou n t Class with an Instance

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Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights

3.2.1 A ccou n t Class with an Instance

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3.1.1 A ccou n t Class with an Instance

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3.1.1 A ccou n t Class with an Instance

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3.1.1 A ccou n t Class with an Instance

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Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights

3.2.1 A ccou n t Class with an Instance

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3.2.1 A ccou n t Class with an Instance

The return statement passes a value from a called

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3.2.2 A ccou n tTest Class That

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3.2.2 A ccou n tTest Class That

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3.2.2 A ccou n tTest Class That Creates

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3.2.2 A ccou n tTest Class That Creates

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3.2.2 A ccou n tTest Class That Creates

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3.2.2 A ccou n tTest Class That

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3.2.3 Compiling and Executing

The javac command can compile multiple classes at

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3.2.4 A ccou n t UML Class Diagram with

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3.2.4 A ccou n t UML Class Diagram with

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3.2.4 A ccou n t UML Class Diagram with

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3.2.4 A ccou n t UML Class Diagram with

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3.2.4 A ccou n t UML Class Diagram with

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3.2.5 Additional Notes on Class

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3.2.5 Additional Notes on Class

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3.2.5 Additional Notes on Class

An import declaration is not required when one

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Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights

3.2.6 Software Engineering with p rivate

Declaring instance variables private is known as

Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights

3.3 Primitive Types vs. Reference

Types in Java are divided into two categoriesprimitive

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3.3 Primitive Types vs. Reference

Variables of type boolean are initialized to false.

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3.4 A ccou n t Class: Initializing

Each class you declare can optionally provide a