2 - Prenatal Development
2 - Prenatal Development
2 - Prenatal Development
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Reproductive systems
Stages in prenatal development
Context of development
Influences on prenatal development
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The Female Reproductive
System
Uterus
A muscular chamber
about the size and shape
of a pear.
Located in a woman's
abdomen, is a hollow,
elastic reproductive organ,
where a baby develops
during pregnancy.
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Female anatomy
The uterus - is a major
female hormone-
responsive reproductive
sex organ
Within the uterus
fetus develops during
gestation.
The term uterus
=womb.
One end, the cervix,
opens into the vagina;
the other is connected
on both sides to the
Fallopian tubes.
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Sperm is the male reproductive cell
Sperm
Chief Characteristics:
1. Tightly packed tip (acrosome) that contains 23
chromosomes that carry genetic information
2. Short neck region
3. Trail to propel it in its search for the ovum
4. Microscopic
Fact:
Remains capable of fertilizing egg for 24-48 hours
after ejaculation
Of 200 million sperm that enter the vagina, only
about 200 survive the journey to the fallopian tubes,
where fertilization occurs
Males, at birth, have in their testes those cells that
will eventually produce sperm
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Ovum (Egg)
The ovum is the female reproductive cell
Chief Characteristics:
1. Round
2. .01 mm in diameter
3. Consistency of stiff jelly
4. Contributes 23 chromosomes
Fact:
Females already have 1-2 million primal eggs at birth
Eggs usually fertilized about 12 hours after discharged
from the ovary or they die within 12-24 hours
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When a young woman
ovulation reaches puberty, she
begins to ovulate
a process in which a
mature egg cell (also
called an ovum), ready
for fertilization by a
sperm cell, is released
from one of the ovaries
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Her body prepares for a potential pregnancy
every cycle, whether or not she want to
actually conceive.
Under the influence of Follicle Stimulating
Hormone (FSH), about 15 to 20 eggs start to
mature in each ovary.
Although it averages about two weeks, the
process to release an egg can take anywhere
from about eight days to a month or longer to
complete.
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menstrual
Ovulation occurs 14
cycle
days before the next
menstruation.
As the average
menstrual cycle lasts
28 days (starting with
the first day of one
period and ending
with the first day of
the next menstrual
period), most women
ovulate on day 14.
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A menstrual cycle can vary between 21 to
38 days.
A woman is generally most fertile (able to
become pregnant) a few days before,
during, and after ovulation.
The corpus luteum remains behind on the
interior ovarian wall, and starts releasing
progesterone.
Progesterone quickly stops the release of
all other eggs until the next cycle. The
corpus luteum has a finite lifespan, of
about 12 to 16 days.
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Menstruation
If the egg does not become
fertilized as it travels down the
fallopian tube on its way to the
uterus, the endometrium (lining of
the uterus) is shed and passes
through the vagina (the
passageway through which fluid
passes out of the body during
menstrual periods; also called the
birth canal), a process called
menstruation.
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Pregnancy
If the egg is fertilized
by a sperm cell as it
travels down the
fallopian tube, then
pregnancy occurs, it
becomes attached to
the lining of the uterus
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In order for conception to occur, though,
there must be three factors present:
the egg,
the sperm
a medium in which the sperm can travel
to reach the fallopian tubes.
Women produce cervical fluid under the
influence of increasing levels of estrogen in
the first part of the cycle.
Sperms can live up to five days in fertile
quality cervical fluid
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3 Stages in prenatal
development:
Germinal stage
Embryonic stage
Fetal stage
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First phase
Conception: First
Conception: phase ofof development
development
Period
Period of
of the
the zygote
zygote
Conception
Conception
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Conception
Conception
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Conception
Conception
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Conception
Conception
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Conception
Conception
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Conception
Conception
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Conception
Conception
Business Driven
Technology Oriented
Sustainable Development
Environmental Friendly
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Table2.1
Table 2.1Milestones
MilestonesofofPrenatal
PrenatalDevelopment
Development
Business Driven
Technology Oriented
Sustainable Development
Environmental Friendly
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Table2.1
Table 2.1 Milestones
Milestones
Business ofofPrenatal
Prenatal
Technology
Driven
Development
Development
Oriented Environmental Friendly
Sustainable Development
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Table2.1
Table 2.1 Milestones
Milestones
Business ofofPrenatal
Prenatal
Technology
Driven
Development
Development
Oriented Environmental Friendly
Sustainable Development
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Fertilization
Prenatal development begins when the ovum and
sperm unite (i.e., fertilization), creating a new and
separate cell called the Zygote
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FIRST CELL DIVISION
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BLASTOCYST
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IMPLANTATION
Around the seventh or ninth day, the blastocyst implants
itself into the uterine lining.
The protective covering quickly develops into the amnion,
surrounding the organism in amniotic fluid.
A yolk sac also develops, producing blood cells until the
liver, spleen, and bone marrow is mature.
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8 WEEKS FROM
EMBRYO: 5 WEEKS
CONCEPTION
The Period of the embryo lasts from about 2 weeks
until about the 8th week of pregnancy.
During this time, the groundwork for all body
structures and organs is laid.
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Embryo: 6 Weeks
Even before the mother knows she is pregnant:
the heart has begun to pump blood;
the muscles, backbone, and ribs have begun to
appear;
and tiny buds have developed into arms, legs, fingers,
and toes.
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EMBRYO: 7 WEEKS
By the 7th week, the liver and spleen begins
producing blood cells and the heart has developed
separate chambers.
At this time, the tiny organism shows sensitivity to
touch and freely moves about in the amniotic sac.
However, at less than an inch long and only an
ounce in weight, the organism is still too tiny for
any movements to be felt by the mother.
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8 WEEKS 9 WEEKS 10 WEEKS
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FETUS 3 MONTHS
The 3rd month of pregnancy marks the end of the first trimester
for the mother, and the end of the first month of the Fetal Period.
The fetal period is the longest prenatal period, lasting from the
ninth week to the end of pregnancy.
During the third month, the organs, muscles, and nervous system become
connected and organized.
The fetus can kick, bend its arms, make a fist, open its mouth, and can
even suck its thumb.
The skin of the fetus is thin and transparent. Thus, the internal organs
and features can still easily be seen with an internal camera
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11-14 weeks
FETUS - FOUR MONTH
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FETUS 5 MONTHS
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FETUS 6 MONTHS
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FETUS 7 MONTHS
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FETUS 8 MONTHS
By the 8th month, the fetus has little room for large
movements. During this month, a layer of fat is
added that will assist with temperature regulation.
The lungs however, still remain immature. If born at
this time, the infant will likely require some help with
breathing.
It is not until the 9th month that the lungs are mature
enough to regulate breathing without assistance.
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A CHILD IS BORN
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BABY 3 WEEKS OLD
A majority of the newborn's first month is spent
sleeping, waking every few hours to be fed.
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Embrio : blastosis burrows into
the uterine lining
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As soon as the fertilized egg burrows into the lining,
it starts releasing a pregnancy hormone, HCG
(Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) which sends a
message back to the corpus luteum left behind on
the ovarian wall.
HCG signals the corpus luteum to remain alive
beyond its usual maximum of 16 days and
continuing to release progesterone long
enough to sustain the nourishing lining.
After several months, the placenta takes over, not
only maintaining the endometrium, but providing all
the oxygen and nutrients the fetus needs to thrive.
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Cells Division
There are two type of cell division
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Cells Division
Mitosis is cell division that results in the duplication of cells; the
daughter cells genetic copies of the parent cell. This cell multiplication
allows for replacement of old cells, tissue repair, growth and
development.
Mitosis
The creation of new cells through duplication of chromosomes &
divisions of cells cells duplicates (From 1 24 16 32,
etc)
Cells developed into organs, brain, heart etc.
Growth & Development
You grew from a zygote, or fertilized egg (the fusion of two cells: an
egg and a sperm) into an organism with trillions of specialized cells.
Mitosis is the process that enabled you to grow and develop after
that fateful meeting of ovum and sperm became you.
Cell Replacement
Cells must divide in order for an organism to grow and develop, but
cell division is also required for maintenance, cell turnover and
replacement.
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Meiosis is Sex Cell (Gamete) Formation
In sexually reproducing organisms, some cells are able to divide by another
method called meiosis.
Meiosis is a complex process by which gametes form; involves duplication
and division of reproductive cells and their chromosomes.
The number of chromosomes in cells divide into twos, and each set
of cell will receive 1 from each sets of chromosomes makes up 23
sets.
This type of cell division results in the production of gametes (eggs or
sperm).
Meiosis is much more complex than mitosis involves the duplication and
subsequent division of chromosomes, meiosis involves two divisions of
genetic material. As is the case in mitosis, in meiosis the cell duplicates its
chromosome number prior to beginning cellular division. Then nuclear
division, the sorting out of the genetic material, begins, and unfolds over the
course of 2 cellular divisions that result in 4 gametes.
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Meiosis is Sex Cell (Gamete) Formation
Gametes & Gonads
Gametes are haploid (1n) with half the number of chromosomes than
the progenitor cell that they arose from. These haploid sex cells arise
in specialized reproductive tissue called the gonads. Ovaries (female
gonads) and testes (male gonads) are the sites of meiosis.
Fertilization & Development
Sexual reproduction results in the merging of sperm and egg at
fertilization, and brings the chromosome count back to the 2n diploid
number necessary for a zygote to have complete genetic
information; 2 sets of genetic instructions in 23 pairs of
chromosomes.
As cells divide, the zygote develops and grows into an embryo, fetus
and beyond. These 23 pairs of chromosomes are duplicated with
every cell division, and are the genetic material inside nearly every
cell of the body.
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What's the Difference
between Mitosis &
Mitosis is how the cells of our body
Meiosis
make more cells for growth,
development and repair.
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Mechanisms of
Heredity
The Genetic Code
Basis of heredity is a chemical called
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains all the
inherited material passed from biological parents to
children
Every cell except the sex cells has 23 pairs of
chromosomes--46 in all
Genetic action that triggers growth of body and
brain is often regulated by hormones
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Mechanisms of heredity
The genetic code
DNA and chromosomes
Human genome
23 pairs of chromosomes in every cell
(46 total) except sex cells
Meiosis division in sex cells (23 single
chromosomes)
Mitosis division in body cells
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Genetic Code
Genetic information are kept in
chromosomes ie. A long & complex set
of DNA molecules.
Genes is a segment of DNA molecules
contains instructions for making protein.
Human being is said to have 100
trillions of cells in the body with
specific functions; and is distributed
through 46 chromosomes, ie. 23 from
father & 23 from mother.
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Genetic Foundation
Genotype (genetic makeup)
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Hereditary
composition of the
zygote
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What determines sex?
Autosomes chromosome pairs 1- 22
Sex chromosomes 23rd pair of
chromosomes
XX = female
Xy = males
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Determination of a childs
sex
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What Determines
Sex?
Sex chromosomes are either X chromosomes or
Y chromosomes
When an ovum (X) is fertilized by an X-carrying
sperm, the zygote formed is XX, a female
When an ovum (X) is fertilized by a Y-carrying
sperm, the resulting zygote is XY, a male
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Choromosomes
Boy or girl?
Chromosomes determine sex :
23 pairs of sex chromosomes
Female : XX pairs of sex chromosomes
Male : XY pairs of sex chromosomes
FATHER=XY MOTHER=XX
XY (male) XX (female)
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Patterns of Genetic Transmission
When an offspring receives two
contradictory traits, only one of them,
the dominant one shows itself
The expression of a recessive trait,
occurs only when a person receives
the recessive traits from both parents
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Dominant and recessive
inheritance
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What Causes Multiple Births?
Dizygotic (two-egg) twins=fraternal twins
Monozygotic (one-egg) twins=identical
twins
The rise in multiple births is due in part to
a trend toward delayed childbearing
Infertility
Inability to conceive a baby after 12 to 18
months of trying
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Genetic and
Chromosomal
Abnormalities
Some defects are due to abnormalities in
genes or chromosomes, which may result
from mutations
Many disorders arise when an inherited
predisposition interacts with an environmental
factor, either before or after birth
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Sex linked inheritance of a birth defect
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Nature and Nurture
Some Characteristics Influenced by Heredity
and Environment
Adopted children's IQs are consistently closer to the IQs of
their biological mothers than to those of their adoptive
parents and siblings.
Monozygotic twins generally look alike; they are also more
concordant than dizygotic twins in their risk for such medical
disorders as hypertension (high blood pressure), heart
disease, stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, peptic ulcers, and
epilepsy
Heredity seems to exert a strong influence on general
intelligence and also on specific abilities
A strong hereditary influence on schizophrenia and autism,
among other disorders; found in
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