Hvac Systems and Designs: Psychrometry of Air Conditioning PROCESSES - Processes in
Hvac Systems and Designs: Psychrometry of Air Conditioning PROCESSES - Processes in
Hvac Systems and Designs: Psychrometry of Air Conditioning PROCESSES - Processes in
DESIGNS
PSYCHROMETRY OF AIR
CONDITIONING
PROCESSES Processes in
A/C Equipment
Air flow
h
hs 1
2
S
s
X 1X
ts t t
t
Fig. 1 Bypass factor and leaving air state
BYPASS FACTOR
The state of the contacted air is that of saturated air at
the temperature of the surface.
There is thus the equivalent of perfect contact of a
definite portion of the air particles with the surface or no
contact or an equivalent bypass of the remaining
particles.
The un-contacted air remains at the entering state. The
end state of the air is the same as that produced by the
complex mixing of contacted particles, viz., 2 as shown
in Fig.1.
BYPASS FACTOR
In another way, BPF of the apparatus representing the
fraction of un-contacted air in terms of the states 1, 2
and S, as
t tS S h hS
X = ---------- = ------------- = -----------
t tS S h hS
Conversely, one can define a contact factor (1 X)
representing a fraction of the contacted air.
Ultimately, the bypass factor can be defined in terms of
temperature or specific humidity or enthalpy of air.
BYPASS FACTOR
In the absence of any specific data, values from all the
three may be considered to be the same.
It may be seen in Fig. 1 that the resulting state 2 divides
the line joining 1 to S in the ratio X and 1 X.
COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING COILS
AND APPARATUS DEW POINT OF COIL
1 2
Sprayed coil
S 2 Dry coil
2
=
1
X (1 X)
td ts t t
t
Fig. 3 Simple cooling and sprayed coil process
COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING COILS
AND APPARATUS DEW POINT OF COIL
td
h Actual
path 1
hS ,p
,p
S 2
S ,ps
Approximate Path
S 1-2-5 and SHF Line
Tangent
Limiting
SHF Line
ts ts t t
t
Fig. 4 Cooling and dehumidification
COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING COILS
AND APPARATUS DEW POINT OF COIL
Example 15.3
39.6 cmm of a mixture of re-circulated room air and
outdoor air enter a cooling coil at 31C DBT and 18.5C
WBT. The effective surface temperature of the coil is
4.4C. The surface area of the coil is such as would give
12.5 kW of refrigeration with the given entering air state.
Determine the dry and wet bulb temperatures of the air
leaving the coil and the coil bypass factor.
Solution:
Refer to Fig. 4.
COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING COILS
AND APPARATUS DEW POINT OF COIL
Example 15.3
Solution contd:
At the apparatus dew point
s= 5.25 g/kg d.a.
h s = 17.7 kJ/kg d.a.
State of entering air
= 8.2 g/kg d.a.
= 0.872 m/kg d.a.
h = 52.5 kJ/kg d.a.
COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING COILS
AND APPARATUS DEW POINT OF COIL
Example 15.3
Solution contd:
Mass flow rate of dry air,
Q 39.6
= ----- = ---------- = 44.41 kg d.a./min
0.872
Cooling load per kg of dry air
Q= ----------------
h h = ----- (12.5)(60) = 16.89 kJ/kg d.a.
44.41
COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING COILS
AND APPARATUS DEW POINT OF COIL
Example 15.3
Solution contd:
Enthalpy of air leaving the coil
h = 52.5 16.89 = 35.61 kJ/kg d.a.
Equation for the condition line
h h
------------- = -------------
h hs s
52.5 35.61
--------------------- 8.2
= ----------------
52.5 17.7 8.2 5.25
COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING COILS
AND APPARATUS DEW POINT OF COIL
Example 15.3
Solution contd:
= 6.77 g w.v./kg d.a.
whence
Dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures of air leaving the
coil for calculated values of h, from psychrometric
chart
t = 18.6C
t = 12.5C
COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING COILS
AND APPARATUS DEW POINT OF COIL
Example 15.3
Solution contd:
Coil bypass factor
h h s 35.61 17.7
X= ------------ = --------------------
h hs 52.5 17.7
= 0.515 (very high)
HEATING COILS
Sensible or simple heating of air takes place when it
flows over a heating coil similar to the cooling and
dehumidifying coil of Fig.2, whose surface temperature ts
is higher than the dry bulb temperature of air.
There is no critical limit to the coil temperature for
sensible heating. The heating medium flowing through
the coil is usually steam, or hot gases from a furnace.
In general, three methods are commonly employed for
winter heating of air.
I. Hot water or steam coils
II. Direct-fired furnace gases coils
III. Finned electric strip heaters
HEATING COILS
In hot water coils, boilers are run on light fuel oil.
The boiler provides the hot water at about 92C to the
heating coils. The water returns to the boiler at about
70C.
Furnaces are either oil-fired (at 75% efficiency) or gas-
fired (at 80 85% efficiency).
AIR WASHER
Fig. 5 shows the schematic representation of an air
washer.
Make-up
water
Eliminator plates
2C
2A
S 2D
S 2E
S 2F
1
2G
S
td t t
t
Fig. 6 Range of psychrometric processes with an air washer
AIR WASHER
The following processes are possible:
Process 1-2A: Heating and humidification (ts > t)
The mean surface temperature of water is greater
than the dry bulb temperature of air. Hence the water is
externally heated.
Process 1-2B: Humidification (ts = t)
The mean surface temperature of water is equal to
the dry bulb temperature of air. The enthalpy of air
increases. Hence the water is required to be externally
heated.
AIR WASHER
Process 1-2C: Cooling and humidification (t < t s < t)
The mean surface temperature of water is less than
the dry bulb temperature of air. Though the air is cooled,
its enthalpy increases as a result of humidification. The
water is, therefore, to be externally heated.
Process 1-2D: Adiabatic saturation(t = ts )
This is the case of pumped re-circulation of water
without any external heating or cooling as discussed
previously. The re-circulated water reaches the
equilibrium temperatures which is equal to the
thermodynamic wet bulb temperature of air.
AIR WASHER
Process 1-2E: Cooling and humidification (td < ts < t)
The process is similar to 1-2C with the difference that
the enthalpy of air decreases in this case. Accordingly,
water is required to be externally cooled.
Process 1-2F: Cooling (ts = td )
The temperature of water is equal to the dew point
temperature of air. Water is required to be cooled.
AIR WASHER
Process 1-2G: Cooling and dehumidification(ts < td )
The mean water surface is lower than the dew point
temperature of air. Air is simultaneously cooled and
dehumidified. The process is exactly similar to that of a
cooling and dehumidifying coil. Again, the limiting
process is along the condition line tangent to the
saturation line drawn from initial state 1.
AIR WASHER
It is thus seen that the air washer affords means for a
year-round air conditioning system.
Consider the energy balance of an air washer, the mass
balance of which is shown in Fig.7.
Let and w be the mass flow rates of dry air and
water respectively.
The energy balance gives
(h h) = w Cpw wt [ w ( )]C t
pw w
(h h) = w Cpw (tw w
t ) + ( )C t
pw w
AIR WASHER 3
Water, w
1 2
[w ( )]
h h = --------------
H= -------------
hs h s
AIR WASHER
It can be seen that the bypass factor X can be expressed
as
s
X= ------------- = 1 ------------- = 1 H
s s
Thus the humidifying efficiency is the same as the
contact factor.
Problem Exercises
An air flow of 4,250 m/min originally at 27C and 50
percent RH undergoes a cooling to the following
conditions:
a) Saturated at 18C, and
b) Saturated at 12C
For each of the processes, calculate the kgs of water
added or extracted from the air per hour and the tons of
refrigeration required.
Assignment # 8 Jan 8, 2015
1. The temperature of air entering an adiabatic saturator is
42C, and the leaving temperature is 30C. Compute
the humidity ratio and the relative humidity of the
entering air.
2. The conditions inside a room are 25C and 50% degree
of saturation. The inside surface temperature of the
glass window is 10C. Will the moisture condense from
room air upon the window glass?