Protection of Induction

Motor
&
BUS BAR , FEEDERS
 Induction motor protection
ground fault protection
The ground fault protection is achieved using earth leakage
circuit breaker (ELCB). When the fault current or leakage
current flows through earth return path then it forms the
earth fault.
These faults are relatively frequent and hence protection is
required against these which is provided with the help of
Earth leakage circuit breaker.
Consider an example of a person whose finger sticks into
the socket. Even though the metal enclosure is securely
earthed, the person will receive a severe shock. Under such
case there must be certain device that will cut the supply.
This can he done with the help of ELCB which will typically
trip in around 25 cms if current exceeds its preset value.
The schematic of ELCB is shown in Fig.
 Induction motor protection
ground fault protection
The ground fault protection is achieved using earth leakage
circuit breaker (ELCB). When the fault current or leakage
current flows through earth return path then it forms the
earth fault.
These faults are relatively frequent and hence protection is
required against these which is provided with the help of
Earth leakage circuit breaker.
Consider an example of a person whose finger sticks into
the socket. Even though the metal enclosure is securely
earthed, the person will receive a severe shock. Under such
case there must be certain device that will cut the supply.
This can he done with the help of ELCB which will typically
trip in around 25 cms if current exceeds its preset value.
The schematic of ELCB is shown in Fig.
 As shown in the Fig ELCB consists of a small current transformer
surrounding live and neutral wire.
The secondary winding of current transformer is connected to relay
circuit which can trip the circuit breaker which is connected in the
circuit. Under normal conditions, the current in line and neutral
conductor is same so the net current (IL -IN) flowing through the
core is zero.
Eventually there will not be any production of flux in the core and no
induced emf.
So the breaker does not trip. If there is a fault due to leakage from
live wire to earth or a person by mistake touching to the live
terminal then the net current through the core will no longer
remain as zero but equal to IL -IN or I, which will set up flux and
emf in CT. As per the preset value the unbalance in current is
detected by C.T. and relay coil is energized which will give tripping
signal for the circuit breaker.
As C.T. operates with low value of current, the core must be very
permeable at low flux densities.
 PROTECTION OF BUSBAR
Bus bar protection includes bus and the apparatus such as
circuit breakers, disconnecting switches, instrument
transformers, etc. Busbars in the generating stations and sub-
stations form important link between the incoming and outgoing
links or circuits.
If a fault occurs on a busbar , considerable damage and
disruption of supply will occur unless some form of quick- acting
automatic protection is provided to isolate the faulty busbar.
Busbar protection needs careful attention because
Fault level is very high at bus bars
the stability of the system is affected by fault in bus zone.
the fault on busbar causes disconnection of power to a large
portion of the system.
a fault on busbar should be interrupted in possible shortage
possible time (50ms), in order to avoid damage to the
installation due to heating of conductors.
 The bus zone faults are generally single to ground faults. However phase to
phase faults can occur for medium and high voltage buses.
Causes of Busbar faults
Failure of support insulator resulting in earth fault.

Flash over across support insulator due to over voltage .

Heavily polluted insulator causing flash over.

Failure of connected equipment.

Earth quake, mechanical damages.

Foreign objects accidently falling across busbars.

failure of circuits breaker

Insulation failure due to material deterioration.

Errors in the operation and maintenance of switchgear

 Scheme for busbar Protection
The most commonly used schemes
for busbar protection are
Differential Protection.
Fault Protection.
Frame leakage Protection of busbar.
Circulating current protection of
busbar.
High impedance differential
protection of bus bar
 Basic Differential Protection of busbar
The common method for busbar protection is the difference protection scheme in
which currents entering and leaving the bus are totalized.

The single line diagram of current differential scheme for a station busbar is shown
in the figure.

The bus bar is fed by a generator and supplies load to two lines.

The secondary's of the CT from the generator parallel divided to two lines.

The protective relay is connected across this parallel connection.

All CTs must be of the same ratio in the scheme regardless of the capacities of the
various circuits.

Under normal condition , the differential current is equal to zero.

Fault condition the fault current upsets the balance and produce a differential
current to operate a relay.
 Fault Bus Protection
Fault bus is nothing but earthed metal barrier.
earth faults can be eliminated.
Earth metal barrier known as fault bus surrounding each conductor
through out is entire length in the bus structure.
With this arrangement , every fault that might occur must involve a
connection between a conductor and a earthed metal part.
By directing the flow of earth-fault, it is possible to detect the faults
and determine their location.
This type of protection is know as fault bus protection.
The metal supporting structure or fault bus is earthed through a
current transformer.
A relay is connected across the secondary of this current transformer.
Under normal condition : there is no current flow from fault bus to
ground and the relay remains in operative .
A fault involving a connection between a conductor and earthed
supporting structure will result in current flow to ground though the
fault bus, causing the relay to operate.
The operation of relay will trip all breakers connecting equipment to the
bus.
 Frame Leakage Protection of Bus bar
Fault bus is earthed through a C.T. When the fault is there a
contact between conductor and earth faults ,this drives
current through this CT.
This energies the frame leakage relay.
The CT energizing the check relay is mounted in earth of
the transformer.
The contacts of check relay and frame relay are inseries.
Thus before tripping circuit gets energized both the relays
must operate.
Once both the relays operate due to earth fault, all the
breaker will trip connecting the equipment to the busbar.
Due to check relay accidental operation of a single relay to
trip the circuit gets avoided.
High Impedance Differential Busbar Protection
Transmission Line Protection or Feeder Protection
Feeder is the line that transfers the power from source end
to the distribution end.

To have a uninterrupted power supply for consumers,

feeders need to be protected from various faults using
different schemes.
 The word FEEDER may be referred as the
connecting link
between the two circuits.
The feeder could be in the form of transmission line
that is short, medium, or long or this could be a
distribution circuit.
Feeders form the integral part of power system,
as power is transferred through feeders from
source to load.
Hence it is important to protect feeders from
faults for continuous supply of powr to
consumers.
 As the length ofelectrical power transmission line is generally
long enough and it runs through open atmosphere, the probability
of occurring fault in electrical power transmission line is much
higher than that ofelectrical power transformers and alternators.
That is why a transmission line requires much more protective
schemes than atransformerand an alternator.

Protection of lineshould have some special features, such as-

During fault, the onlycircuit breakerclosest to the fault point
should be tripped.

If the circuit breaker closest the faulty point, fails to trip the circuit
breaker just next to this breaker will trip as back up.

The operating time of relay associated with protection of line

should be as minimum as possible in order to prevent
unnecessary tripping of circuit breakers associated with other
healthy parts of power system.
 Methods of Transmission line protection
1. Time graded overcurrentprotection.

2. Differential protection.

3. Distance protection.
. Time Graded Over Current Protection
This may also be referred simply as over-current
protection of electrical power transmission line. Let'
discuss different schemes of time graded over current
protection.
Protection of Radial Feeder
. In radial feeder, the power flows in one direction only,
that is from source to load. This type of feeders can
easily protected by using either definite time relays or
inverse time relays.
 Line Protection by Definite Time Relay

This protection scheme is very simple. Here total line is

divided into different sections and each section is provided
with definite time relay.
The relay nearest to the end of the line has minimum time
setting while time setting of other relays successively
increased, towards the source.
For example, suppose there is a source at point A, in the figure
below.
 point D the circuit breaker CB-3 is installed with definite
time of relay operation 0.5 sec. Successively, at point C
an other circuit breaker CB-2 is installed with definite
time of relay operation 1 sec. The next circuit breaker
CB-1 is installed at point B which is nearest of the point
A. At point B, the relay is set at time of operation 1.5 sec.
Now, assume a fault occurs at point F. Due to this fault,
the faulty current flow through all the
current transformers or CTsconnected in the line. But as
the time of operation of relay at point D is minimum the
CB-3, associated with this relay will trip first to isolate the
faulty zone from rest part of the line. In case due to any
reason, CB-3 fails to trip, then next higher timed relay
will operate the associated CB to trip. In this case, CB-2
will trip. If CB-2 also fails to trip, then next circuit breaker
i.e. CB-1 will trip to isolate major portion of the line.
 Advantages of Definite Time Line Protection

The main advantage of this scheme is simplicity. The

second major advantage is, during fault, only nearest
CB towards the source from fault point will operate to
isolate the specific position of the line.

Disadvantage of Definite Time Line Protection

If the number of sections in the line is quite large, the

time setting of relay nearest to the source, would be
very long. So during any fault nearer to the source
will take much time to be isolated. This may cause
severe destructive effect on the system.
Over Current Line Protection by Inverse Relay
The drawback as we discussed just in definite time
over current protection oftransmission line, can
easily be overcome by using inverse time relays.
In inverse relay the time of operation is inversely
proportional to fault current.
 fault at point F will obviously trip CB-3 at point D.
In failure of opening CB-3, CB-2 will be operated
as overall time setting is higher in relay at point
C.

Although, the time setting of relay nearest to the

source is maximum but still it will trip in shorter
period, if major fault occurs near the source, as
the time of operation of relay is inversely
proportional to faulty current.
 Over Current Protection of Parallel Feeders

For maintaining stability of the system it is

required to feed a load from source by two or
more than two feeders in parallel.
If fault occurs in any of the feeders, only that
faulty feeder should be isolated from the system
in order to maintain continuity of supply from
source to load.
This requirement makes the protection of parallel
feeders little bit more complex than simple non
direction over current protection of line as in the
case of radial feeders.
The protection of parallel feeder requires to use
directional relays and to grade the time setting of
relay for selective tripping.
There are two feeders connected in parallel from
source to load. Both of the feeders have non-
directionalover current relayat source end.
These relays should be inverse time relay. Also
both of the feeders have directional relay or
reverse power relay at their load end. The reverse
power relays used here should be instantaneous
type.
 That means these relays should be operated as soon as
flow of power in the feeder is reversed.
The normal direction of power from source to load. Now,
suppose a fault occurs at point F, say the fault current is If.
This fault will get two parallel paths from source, one
through circuit breaker A only and other via CB-B, feeder-2,
CB-Q, load bus and CB-P. This is clearly shown in figure
below, where IAand IBare current of fault shared by feeder-
1 and feeder-2 respectively.
 As perKirchoff's current law, IA+ IB= If.

Now, IAis flowing through CB-A, IBis flowing through

CB-P. As the direction of flow of CB-P is reversed it will
trip instantly. But CB-Q will not trip as flow of current
(power) in this circuit breaker is not reversed.

As soon as CB-P is tripped, the fault current I Bstops

flowing through feeder and hence there is no
question of further operating of inverse time over
current relay. IAstill continues to flow even CB-P is
tripped. Then because of over current I A, CB-A will
trip. In this way the faulty feeder is isolated from
system
 Differential Pilot Wire Protection

This is simply a differential protection scheme applied to

feeders. Several differential schemes are applied for
protection of line but Merz Price Voltage balance system
and Translay Scheme are most popularly used.
The working principle of Merz Price Balance system is quite
simple. In this scheme of line protection, identical CT is
connected to each of the both ends of the line. The polarity
of the CTs are same. The secondary of these current
transformer and operating coil of two instantaneous relays
are formed a closed loop as shown in the figure below. In
the loop pilot wire is used to connect both CT secondary
and both relay coil as shown.
 Now, from the figure it is quite clear that when the
system is under normal condition, there would not be
any current flowing through the loop. As the secondary
current of one CT will cancel out secondary current of
other CT.

Now, if any fault occurs in the portion of the line

between these two CTs, the secondary current of one CT
will no longer equal and opposite of secondary current
of other CT.

Hence there would be a resultant circulating current in

the loop. Due this circulating current, the coil of both
relays will close the trip circuit of associate circuit
breaker. Hence, the faulty line will be isolated from both
ends.
 Pilot Wire Protection or Translay Protection or
Longitudinal differential Protection of feeders
Translay relay is of balance voltage type and it operates on
the principle based on the comparison of the magnitude
and phase of the currents at the two ends of the protected
section. It uses the principle of differential protection.
 Translay type protection consists of two induction relays, one relay at
the sending end and other at the receiving end.
Induction relay consists of two coils Viz, current coil and primary coil
wound on two electromagnets.
The primary coils of the two relays are connected to CTs of the three
phases. Both the secondary coils of the relays are connected in
opposition to the pilot wires.
Operation: Due to the interaction of fluxes produced by the current
coil and primary coil, the disc rotates . This causes the contacts of the
trip coil to close and then the circuit breaker will open.
Under Normal working conditions the current in the secondary of
the CTs are Ia, Ib,Ic. But as Ia+Ib+Ic=0 , no flux is produced in the
primary coil.
If the flux is zero, the torque is also . The disc does not rotate.
When there is a fault , the sum of currents will not be zero and it
induces flux in the primary flux.
The primary coil is highly resistive and the current coil is highly
inductive .
So there will be phase angle between the two fluxes.
Thus the torque is produced and this causes the disc rotate to close
the tripcoil.
This scheme is better upto 16km.It uses telephone wires as pilot wires