Cellular Response To Injury
Cellular Response To Injury
Cellular Response To Injury
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Aplasia
D. Hypoplasia
E. Atrophy
F. Metaplasia
A. Hypertrophy
1. Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of an
organ or tissue due to an increase in the
size of cells.
2. Other characteristics include an increase in
protein synthesis and an increase in the size
or number of intracellular organelles.
3. A cellular adaptation to increased workload
results in hypertrophy, as exemplified by the
increase in skeletal muscle mass associated with
exercise and the enlargement of the left ventricle
in hypertensive heart disease.
B. Hyperplasia
1. Hyperplasia is an increase in the size of
an organ or tissue caused by an
increase in the number of cells.
2. It is exemplified by glandular proliferation
in the breast during pregnancy.
3. In some cases, hyperplasia occurs
together with hypertrophy. During
pregnancy, uterine enlargement is
caused by both hypertrophy and hyperplasia
of the smooth muscle cells in the uterus.
C. Aplasia
1. Aplasia is a failure of cell
production.
2. During fetal development, aplasia
results in agenesis, or absence of
an organ due to failure of production.
3. Later in life, it can be caused by
permanent loss of precursor cells in
proliferative tissues, such as the bone
marrow.
D. Hypoplasia
1. Hypoplasia is a decrease in cell
production that is less extreme
than in aplasia.
Reading assignment:
Morphologic features.
Biochemical events.
Regulation of apoptosis.
Autophagy
Autophagy is an intracellular
lysosomal (vacuolar) degradation
process characterized by the
formation of double-membrane
vesicles, autophagosomes, which
sequester cytoplasm.
It is involved in growth, survival,
development and death of cells.
REVERSIBLE CELLULAR
CHANGES AND
ACCUMULATIONS
A. Fatty change
(fatty metamorphosis, steatosis)
a. Fatty change is the accumulation of intracellular
parenchymal triglycerides and is observed most
frequently in the liver, heart, and kidney. For example, in
the liver, fatty change may be secondary to alcoholism,
diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, obesity, or poisonings.
2. Imbalance among the uptake, utilization, and
secretion of fat is the cause of fatty change, and this can
result from any of the following mechanisms.
a. Increased transport of Tg or fatty acids to affected
cells
b. Decreased mobilization of fat from cells, most often
mediated by decreased production of apoproteins required
for fat transport.
c. Decreased use of fat by cells.
d. Overproduction of fat in cells.
B. Hyaline change
1. This term denotes a characteristic
(homogeneous, glassy,
eosinophilic) appearance in
hematoxylin and eosin sections.
NEXT:
QUIZ
Quiz: choose
1. The illustration shows a section of the
heart from a 45-year-old African-American
man with long-standing hypertension
who died of a stroke. Which of the
following adaptive changes is exemplified
in the illustration?
A) Aplasia
(B) Atrophy
(C) Hyperplasia
(D) Hypertrophy
(E) Hypoplasia
Quiz: choose
2.A 29-year-old man hospitalized for acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is found to
have pulmonary tuberculosis. Which type of
necrosis is found in the granulomatous lesions
(clusters of modified macrophages) characteristic of
this increasingly frequent complication of AIDS?
(A) Caseous
(B) Coagulative
(C) Enzymatic
(D) Fibrinoid
(E) Liquefactive
Quiz: choose
3. A 56-year-old man recovered from a
myocardial infarction after his myocardium was
entirely saved by immediate thrombolytic
therapy. If it had been possible to examine
microscopic sections of his heart during his
ischemic episode, which of the following would be
the most likely cellular change to be found?
(A) Karyolysis
(B) Karyorrhexis
(C) Pyknosis
(D) Swelling of the endoplasmicreticulum
Quiz: choose
4. The illustration is from a liver
biopsy of a 34-year-old woman
with a long history of alcoholism.
Which of the following is the best
explanation for the changes shown
here?
Quiz: choose
(A) Accumulation of triglycerides within
hepatocytes
(B) Apoptosis with replacement of
damaged cells by lipid-laden macrophages
(C) Bilirubin accumulation with
mobilization of fat by bile salts
(D) Enzymatic fat necrosis with digestion
of liver parenchyma by released enzymes
(E) Irreversible damage to mitochondria
Quiz: choose
5. A 60-year-old woman with breast cancer
and widespread bony metastases is found
to have calcification of multiple organs.
The calcifications are best described as
(A) dystrophic with decreased serum calcium.
(B) dystrophic with increased serum calcium.
(C) metastatic with decreased serum calcium.
(D) metastatic with increased serum calcium.
6. bonus: {hint-cardiac
muscle}
(A) caseous.
(B) coagulative.
(C) fibrinoid.
(D) gangrenous.
(E) liquefactive.