The document discusses hydroelectric power generation and water turbines. It describes how hydroelectric dams work by converting the potential energy of water stored in reservoirs into kinetic energy and then electrical energy using turbines and generators. It explains the two main types of water turbines - impulse turbines like the Pelton wheel that use high velocity jets, and reaction turbines like the Francis and Kaplan turbines that use the full flow of water through a casing. It provides examples of calculating turbine power and efficiency.
The document discusses hydroelectric power generation and water turbines. It describes how hydroelectric dams work by converting the potential energy of water stored in reservoirs into kinetic energy and then electrical energy using turbines and generators. It explains the two main types of water turbines - impulse turbines like the Pelton wheel that use high velocity jets, and reaction turbines like the Francis and Kaplan turbines that use the full flow of water through a casing. It provides examples of calculating turbine power and efficiency.
The document discusses hydroelectric power generation and water turbines. It describes how hydroelectric dams work by converting the potential energy of water stored in reservoirs into kinetic energy and then electrical energy using turbines and generators. It explains the two main types of water turbines - impulse turbines like the Pelton wheel that use high velocity jets, and reaction turbines like the Francis and Kaplan turbines that use the full flow of water through a casing. It provides examples of calculating turbine power and efficiency.
The document discusses hydroelectric power generation and water turbines. It describes how hydroelectric dams work by converting the potential energy of water stored in reservoirs into kinetic energy and then electrical energy using turbines and generators. It explains the two main types of water turbines - impulse turbines like the Pelton wheel that use high velocity jets, and reaction turbines like the Francis and Kaplan turbines that use the full flow of water through a casing. It provides examples of calculating turbine power and efficiency.
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HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
Topic 14 Introduction to Hydropower Generation A hydroelectric power generator converts the kinetic, or movement energy in flowing or falling water into electrical energy that can be used in homes and businesses. Hydroelectric power can be generated on a small scale with a run-of-river installation, which uses naturally flowing river water to turn one or more turbines, or on a large scale at the hydroelectric dam. Hydropower Generation
The reservoirs potential energy is converted into kinetic energy
by opening the water gates in the dam. When an intake opens, the water is forced through a channel called the penstock towards a turbine. The water rushes past the turbine, hitting its blades and causing it to spin, converting some of the waters kinetic energy into mechanical energy. The water then finally flows out of the dam and continues its journey downstream. Hydropower Generation A shaft connects the turbine to a generator, so when the turbine spins, so does the generator. The generator uses an electromagnetic field to convert this mechanical energy into electrical energy. As long as there is plenty of water in the reservoir, a hydroelectric dam can respond quickly to changes in demand for electricity. Opening and closing the intakes directly controls the amount of water flowing through the penstock, which determines the amount of electricity the dam is generating. The turbine and generator are located in the dams power house, which also houses a transformer. The transformer converts the electrical energy from the generator to a high voltage. Hydropower Generation The national grid uses high voltages to transmit electricity efficientlythrough the power lines to the homes and businesses that need it. Here, other transformers reduce the voltage back down to a usable level. WATER TURBINES
Topic 14 Water Turbines A water or hydro turbines is a turbo machines that convert the energy of moving water into mechanical energy to drive a generator. The generator then converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. A water turbines can be categorized into two types: 1. impulse turbine pelton wheel 2. reaction turbines francis turbine and kaplan turbine Impulse turbines require a higher head, but can operate with a smaller volume flow rate. While reaction turbines can operate with much less head, but require a higher volume flow rate. Water Turbines
Pelton wheel Impulse turbine : The Pelton wheel The impulse turbine operates using high velocity jets of water. Its require a higher head, but can operate with a smaller volume flow rate. In an impulse turbine, the fluid is sent through a nozzle so that most of its available mechanical energy is converted into kinetic energy. The high speed jet then impinges on bucket-shaped vanes that transfer energy to the turbine shaft, as shown in figure. Pelton wheel The modern and most efficient type of impulse turbine was invented by Lester A. Pelton in 1878, and the rotating wheel is now called a Pelton wheel in his honor. The buckets of a Pelton wheel are designed so as to split the flow in half, and turn the flow nearly 180 as illustrated in figure to maximise the amount of momentum from the jet. Pelton wheel Pelton wheel Reaction turbine The reaction turbine, consists of fixed guide vanes called stay vanes, adjustable guide vanes called wicket gates, and rotating blades called runner blades. Flow enters tangentially at high pressure, is turned toward the runner by the stay vanes as it moves along the spiral casing or volute, and then passes through the wicket gates with a large tangential velocity component. The angle of the wicket gates is adjustable to control the volume flow rate through the runner. Reaction turbine Unlike the impulse turbine, the water completely fills the casing of a reaction turbine. For this reason, a reaction turbine generally produces more power than an impulse turbine of the same diameter, net head, and volume flow rate. There are two main types of reaction turbineFrancis and Kaplan. The Francis turbine is somewhat similar in geometry to a centrifugal pump, but with the flow in the opposite direction. Francis turbine Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. It is named in honor of James B. Francis, who developed the design in the 1840s. Water strikes the edge of the runner, pushes the blades and then flows toward the axis of the turbine. It escapes through the draft tube located under the turbine. Kaplan turbine The Kaplan turbine is named in honor of its inventor, Viktor Kaplan (18761934). It is an axial-flow turbine, which means that the flow direction does not change as it crosses the rotor. It is basically a propeller with adjustable blades inside a tube: therefore their position can be set according to the available flow. This turbine is therefore suitable for certain run-of- river generating stations where the river flow varies Turbine power and turbine efficiency When a piping system involves a turbine, the Bernoulli is expressed as :
The pumping power required is given by :
Pturbine = gQhturbine
While turbine efficiency is given by:
TOTAL HEAD, H is the vertical between the free surface of the source of supply and the point of the free surface of the discharge liquid. Example 14.1 In a hydroelectric power plant, 100 m3/s of water flows from an elevation of 120 m to a turbine, where electric power is generated. The total irreversible head loss in the piping system from point 1 to point 2 (excluding the turbine unit) is determined to be 35 m. If the overall efficiency of the turbine-generator is 80 percent, estimate the electric power output. Example 14.2 For the turbine of the previous worked example 14.1, I f 50 kW is extracted while the pressure gauges at A and B are reading 1.4 bar and -0.3 bar respectively, how much water is flowing? Turbines Turbines have been used for centuries to convert mechanical energy from rivers and wind into useful mechanical work, usually through a rotating shaft. When the working fluid is water, the turbines are called hydraulic turbines or hydroturbines. When the working fluid is air, and energy is extracted from the wind, the machine is properly called a wind turbine. The word windmill should technically be applied only when the mechanical energy output is used to grind grain, as in ancient times. However, most people use the word windmill to describe any wind turbine, whether Turbines In steam power plants,, the turbomachines that convert energy from the steam into mechanical energy of a rotating shaft are called steam turbines. A more generic name for turbines that employ a compressible gas as the working fluid is gas turbine. The turbine in a modern commercial jet engine is a type of gas turbine.
