Column, Beams and Roof Framing
Column, Beams and Roof Framing
Column, Beams and Roof Framing
Framing
The combination of different types of building materials making it into a building part is
called building structure. Utilization of the different materials in the structure has their
own purpose of service in counteracting the different forces affecting the structure. This
is where structural design comes into, determine the strength, sizes, quantity, quality
spacing proportion etc.
Structural design includes the arrangement and proportioning of structures and their parts
so that they will satisfactorily support the loads to which they may be subjected..
In the Philippines, buildings are analyzed for their strength to withstand , wind, dead
loads, earthquakes and live loads.
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) are design specifications published by
the Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines.
Column - Is a vertical structural member supporting a floor beam, girder, or other member
and supporting primarily vertical loads.
- Member with a ratio of height-to- least-lateral dimension of 3 or greater used
primarily to support axial compressive load.
Types of Column
1. Plain concrete pedestal -This may be used only if the height does not exceed three
times the least lateral dimension.
2. Tied columns - A column in which the longitudinal bars are braced with a series of closed
ties
3. Spiral columns - a column in which the longitudinal bars and concrete core are wrapped
with closely spaced helix or spiral of small diameter wire or rod
4. Composite columns - These column may contain a structural steel shape surrounded by
longitudinal bars with ties or spirals or it may consist of high strength steel tubing filled
with concrete.
Tied and spiral columns are the most common forms. Either type may be circular,
octagonal, square or rectangular section.
Tied columns may also be I, T or other irregular shape.
Limits of Reinforcement for Tied Columns (Section 410.10)
I. Area of steel reinforcement ( ) shall not be less than 0.01 gross concrete area shall
not be more than 0.08 .
II. The minimum number of longitudinal bars is 4 for bars within rectangular or circular ties,
3 for bars within triangular ties.
A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the
beam's axis. Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending.
T- beam - is when the floor slab and beams are poured with concrete simultaneously to
produce a monolithic structure where the portion of the slab are both sides of the beam
serves as flange of the T-beam. The beam below the slab serves as the web member and is
sometimes v
Called stem.
The minimum depth of a reinforced concrete cantilever beam using steel reinforcement
with Fy = 275 Mpa is L/8(0.4 + fy/700)
36mm and smaller is the Size of bar diameter allowed to be bundled in beams
Two key types of forces involved in building any structure are tension and compression.
Every material has the ability to hold up to a certain amount of tension and a certain
amount of compression. A tension force is one that pulls materials apart. A compression
force is one that squeezes material together.
Two key types of forces involved in building any structure are tension and
compression. Every material has the ability to hold up to a certain amount of tension
and a certain amount of compression. A tension force is one that pulls materials apart.
A compression force is one that squeezes material together.
Bending moment is the tendency of a force to cause rotation about a certain point of
axis.
Bending moment is classified into two types, the positive and negative bending.
Positive bending exist when the beam bends downward between its support
where the upper portion of the beam above the neutral axis is compressed while the
lower portion is stretched at the opposite directions. The negative bending exist when
the beam is bending above the support compressing the lower part of the beam
below the neutral axis and stretching the upper portion of the beam.
Bending which may cause its failure or collapse when interacting forces is applied
on to it. It is under this principle that concrete beam is provided with reinforcement in
order to prevent the rupture of the fiber under stresses.
Combination of concrete and steel producing. Reinforced Concrete offers the
solution to failure. Concrete as a homogenous material is said to be strong in
supporting compression load but weak in resisting tension forces. Steel possesses the
strength and quality to resist both compression and tension forces.
The principle behind the designed of reinforced concrete is to avail of the strength of
concrete in its capacity to carry the compression load and the steel to resist tension forces.
When the area of the concrete and steel are just enough to carry both the compression
and tension simultaneously, the design is called Balanced Reinforcement or Balance Beam
Building Code on Balance reinforcement state that The cross sectional area of steel
reinforcement shall be equal to 0.005 times the cross sectional product of the width and
depth of the beam. Ex Area of steel As = 0.05 x 25 x 40 = 5 2
Web reinforcement is the same as the stirrups used in beam to hold the reinforcement
together in its designed position.
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal slabs of
steel reinforced concrete, typically between 4 and 20 inches (100 and 500 millimeters)
thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner slabs are also
used for exterior paving.
One way slab is a slab which is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carry the
load along one direction. In one way slab, the ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is
equal or greater than 2, i.e Longer span (l)/Shorter span (b) 2
When a reinforced concrete slab is supported by beams on all the four sides and the
loads are carried by the supports along both directions, it is known as two way slab. In
two way slab, the ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is less than 2.
Slab - is a large, thick, flat piece of stone or concrete, typically square or rectangular in
shape. 'pavingslabs' 'she settled on a slab of rock