The document discusses concepts related to thermodynamics including the first and second laws of thermodynamics, the international system of units, and units related to temperature, length, mass, and other variables. It also includes example problems and their solutions related to concepts like pressure, temperature, energy, and cost analysis of different energy sources.
The document discusses concepts related to thermodynamics including the first and second laws of thermodynamics, the international system of units, and units related to temperature, length, mass, and other variables. It also includes example problems and their solutions related to concepts like pressure, temperature, energy, and cost analysis of different energy sources.
The document discusses concepts related to thermodynamics including the first and second laws of thermodynamics, the international system of units, and units related to temperature, length, mass, and other variables. It also includes example problems and their solutions related to concepts like pressure, temperature, energy, and cost analysis of different energy sources.
The document discusses concepts related to thermodynamics including the first and second laws of thermodynamics, the international system of units, and units related to temperature, length, mass, and other variables. It also includes example problems and their solutions related to concepts like pressure, temperature, energy, and cost analysis of different energy sources.
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Smith and Van Ness:
Chapter 1 CHE123 “ The first and second law of thermodynamics have no mathematical proof their validity lies in the absence of contrary evidence” -Smith and Van Ness International system of units (SI) • Time s • Length m • Mass kg • Temperature K Meter, m • Distance light travel in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 seconds. Kilogram, kg • The mass of iridium-platinum cylinder kept in Sevres, France. Force: 1lbf = 1lbm Example 1.1 Van Ness temperature Problem 1.4 van Ness
At what absolute temperature do the
Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales give the same numerical value? What is the value? Problem 1.4 van Ness solution Pressure
• P = F/A • SI N/m2 or Pa • English psi Example 1.2 Van Ness Problem 1.5 van Ness
Pressures up to 3000 bar are
measured with a dead-weight gauge. The piston diameter is 4 mm. What is the approximate mass in kg of the weight required? Problem 1.10 van Ness The first accurate measurements of high- pressure gases were made by E.H. Amagat in France between 1869 and 1893. He used mercury manometer to measure pressure more than 400 bar. Estimate the height of manometer required. Problem 1.7 van Ness The reading on a mercury manometer at 25°C (open to the atmosphere at one end) is 56.38 cm. The local acceleration of gravity is 9.832 m/s2. Atmospheric pressure is 101.78 kPa. What is the absolute pressure in kPa being measured? The density of mercury at 25°C is 13.534 g/cm3. work Kinetic energy, KE KE, English Unit Potential Energy, PE
PE = mgh Problem 1.17 van Ness
1.17. Verify that the SI unit of kinetic and
potential energy is the Joule. heat • BTU – amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water 1°F • calorie – amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1°C. • 1 calorie = 4.1858 or 4.184 or 4.18 J • 1btu = 1055 J • 1 lbf.ft = 1.35 J Problem 1.18 van Ness
An automobile having a mass of 1250 kg
is traveling at 40 m/s. What is the kinetic energy in kJ? How much must be done to bring it to stop? In Defense of Coal (Problem 1.22 van Ness) Energy costs vary greatly with energy source: coal @ $25.00/ton, gasoline @ a pump price of $2.00/gal and electricity @ $0.1000/kWh. Conventional practice is to put these on a common basis by expressing them in $/GJ. For this purpose assume gross heating values of 29 MJ/kg for coal and 37 GJ/m3 for gasoline. A. Rank order the three energy sources with respect to energy cost in $/GJ. B. Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of the three energy source. In defense of coal… A windmill converts the kinetic energy of the moving air into electrical energy at an efficiency of about 30%, depending on the windmill design and speed of the wind. Estimate the power in kW for a wind flowing perpendicular to a windmill with blades 15 m in diameter when the wind is blowing at 20 mi/hr at 27°C and 1 atm. ( hint: you need to calculate the mass of air passing thru the windmill per hour by finding the volume of air passing thru the wind mill and also the velocity of air) Understanding the windmill The Potential of Solar Panels Solar energy has been suggested as a source of renewable energy. If in our backyard direct radiation from the sun (say 320 days) is 975 W/m2 between 10 AM and 3 PM, and the conversion efficiency to electricity is 21.0%. How many m2 are needed to collect the amount of energy equivalent to an electrical consumption of 200 kWh per month? If a m2 of solar panel costs 5000 pesos do you think it’s practical to install solar panels in our homes? Why or why not? Problem 1.14 van Ness
A 70-watt outdoor security light burns, on
average, 10 hours a day. A new bulb costs $5.00, and the lifetime is about 1,000 hours. If electricity costs $0.10 per kWh, what is the yearly price of “security” per light. Problem Set
“Foundations to Flight: Mastering Physics from Curiosity to Confidence: Cipher 4”: “Foundations to Flight: Mastering Physics from Curiosity to Confidence, #4
