PRODUKTIFITAS ALAT

BERAT
 Muatan/ Kapasitas Alat
Cycle

PRODUKTIVITAS
Cycle/ Waktu Siklus PERALATAN
Jam KONSTRUKSI

Efisiensi Faktor Koreksi

Basic Concept
 CT = LT + HT + DT + MT + RT + ST
◦ CT = cycle time
◦ LT = loading time
◦ HT = hauling time
◦ DT = dumping time
◦ MT = manouver time
◦ RT = return time
◦ ST = spotting time

Cycle Time
 Factors that control dozer production rates :
a. Blade type
b. Type and condition of material
c. Cycle time

1. dozer
 Blade type
Straight blade Angle Blade

Universal blade Cushion Blade

 Blade load
◦ Manufacturer’s blade rating
Vs=0.8 WH2
Vu=Vs + ZH(W-Z)tan x0
◦ Previous experiment
◦ Field measurement
Blade load(lcy)=0.0139 WHL
 Cycle Time and Production
◦ The sum of time required to push, backtrack
and maneuver into position to push represents
the complete dozer cycle.
◦ Production (lcy per h our) =
eff. factor x blade load x 60 min /cycle
time
 Example : A track-type dozer can push an average blade
load of 6.15 lcy. The average push distance is 90 ft. what
production can be expected?
Push Time : 2 mph average speed
= 90 ft / (5290 ft/min) x 1/(2 mph) x 60
min/hr
= 0,51 min
Return Time : Second gear, max speed 4 mph
= 90 ft / (5290 ft/min) x 1/(2 mph) x 60
min/hr
= 0.26 min + 0.05 min = 0.31 min
Maneuver Time : 0.05 min
Cycle time = 0.87 min
Production = 50 min/60 min x 6.15 lcy x 60min / 0.87
min
= 424 lcy/hr
 Production Curve
◦ A 60 min hour
◦ 0.05 min fixed time
◦ Soil density 2300 lb per lcy
◦ Coefficient of traction : 0.5 track machine, 0.4
wheel machine
◦ Production (lcy/hour) = maximum production from
curve X product of the correction factors
 Example
A D7G crawler dozer with a straight dozer is to be
used in slot dozing operation. The material is a dry,
noncohesive silty sand and it ia to be moved a
distance of 300 ft. dozing is downhill on a 10%
grade. The operator will have average skill, the
dozer will have a power-shift transmission, and both
visibility and traction should be satisfactory. The
material weight 108 lb per cu ft in bank state and is
estimated to swell 12% in the loose state. Job
efficiency is assumed to be equivalent to a 50 min
hour. Calculate the dozer production.
 Solution :
1. Ideal production for 300 ft = 170 lcy per hour
2. Material correction weight = 0.88
3. Operator correction factor = 0.75
4. Material type correction factor = 0.8
5. Operating technique c.f = 1.2
6. Visibility c.f = 1.0
7. Efficiency factor = 0.83
8. Machine transmission factor = 1.0
9. Blade adjustment factor = 1.0
10. Grade correction factor = 1.24
11. Correction factor = 0.88 x 0.75 x 0.8 x 1.2 x 1.0 x 0.83 x
1.0 x 1.0 x 1.24 = 0.652
12. Dozer production = 170 lcy/hr x 0.652 = 111 lcy/hr
EXCAVATOR
 The quantity of material depend on the size of hoe
used, the material being dug, and the job setup.
 Size of the hoe : size of the bucket, speed of
moving, speed of rotational.
 Job condition and setup : optimum depth of cut,
angle of swing
Lifting capacity at 15 ft
Size Max reach at max Max
Stick Short stick Long stick
bucket ground level digging loading
length (ft) (ft) depth (ft) height (ft) Front Front Side
(cy) Side (lb)
(lb) (lb) (lb)
3/8 5-7 19-22 12-15 14-16 2.900 2.600 2.900 2.600
3/4 6-9 24-27 16-18 17-19 7.100 5.300 7.200 5.300
1 5-13 26-33 16-23 17-25 12.800 9.000 9.300 9.200
1 1/2 6-13 27-35 17-21 18-23 17.100 10.100 17.700 11.100
2 7-14 29-38 18-27 19-24 21.400 14.500 21.600 14.200
2 1/2 7-16 32-40 20-29 20-26 32.600 21.400 31.500 24.400
3 10-11 38-42 25-30 24-26 32.900 24.600 30.700 26.200
3 1/2 8-12 36-39 23-27 21-22 33.200 21.900 32.400 22.000
4 11 44 29 27 47.900 33.500
5 8-15 40-46 25-26 25-26 34.100 27.500 31.600 27.600

2. hoe
 An operation with much swing will have a long cycle time.
 Effect of depth of cut and angle of swing :
Percent Angle of swing
of Opt 45 60 75 90 120 150 180
Depth
of cut
40 0.9 0.89 0.85 0.8 0.72 0.65 0.59
60 3 1.03 0.96 0.91 0.81 0.73 0.66
80 1.1 1.12 1.04 0.98 0.86 0.77 0.69
100 1.2 1.16 1.07 1.0 0.88 0.79 0.71
120 2 1.11 1.03 0.97 0.86 0.77 0.7
140 1.2 1.04 0.97 0.91 0.81 0.73 0.66
160 6 0.96 0.9 0.85 0.75 0.67 0.62
1.2
1.1
2
1.0
2
 Bucket rating for hydraulic hoe
◦ Using a 1:1 angle of repose for evaluating heaped capacity.
 Bucket should be selected based on the material being
excavated.
Material Fill Factor
Sandy clay 100-110
Sand and gravel 95-110
Rock, poorly 40-50
blasted 60-75
Rock, well blasted 80-90
Hard, tough clay

 Hoe Production
◦ Production (lcy per h our) =
(heaped bucket capacity x bucket fill factor
x 60 min/hr x eff. Factor) : cycle time
 Excavation cycle time for crawler hoe

Bucke Load Swing Dump Swing Total

t Size bucke Loade bucke empty cycle(
(cy) t d t (sec) sec)
(sec) (sec) (sec)
<1 5 4 2 3 14
1–1 6 4 2 3 15
½ 6 4 3 4 17
2–2 7 5 4 4 20
½ 7 6 4 5 22
3 7 6 4 5 22
3½ 7 7 4 6 24
4
5
 Example : A crawler hoe having 3 ½ cy bucket is
being considered for use on a project to excavate
very hard clay. The clay will be loaded into tracks
having a loading height of 9 ft 9 in. soil boring
information indicates that below 8 ft, the material
changes to an unacceptable silt material. What is
the estimated production of the hoe in cubic yard
bank measure, if the efficiency factor is equal to a
50 min hour?

example
 Solution :
1. Bucket fill factor, use average 85%
2. Check depth of excavation to max digging depth
3. CT for 3 ½ cy bucket = 22 sec
4. Efficiency factor 50 min hour
5. Hard clay, swell 35%
6. Production = (3600 sec/hr x 3 ½ cy x 0.85) :
22sec x
(50 min/60 min)
= 405.68 lcy/hr : (1+0.35)
= 300 bcy/hr

example
3. LOADER
 Fill factor
◦ The heaped capacity specifies a 2:1 angle of
repose for material above the struck load.
◦ Bucket fill factor for wheel and track loader
 Material Wheel Track
loader loader
fill factor fill factor
(%) (%)
Loose material
-Mixed moist 95-100 95-100
aggregates
-Uniform aggregates : 95-100 95-110
≤ 1/8 in 90-95 90-110
1/8 – 3/8 in 85-90 90-110
½ - ¾ in 85-90 90-110
≥ 1 in
-Blasted rock 80-95 80-95
Well blasted 75-90 75-90
Average 60-75 60-75
Poor
-Other 100-120 100-120
Rock-dirt mixture 100-110 100-120
Most loam 80-100 80-100
Soil 85-95 85-100
Cemented material

Fill Factor
 Operating Load
◦ Once the bucket volumetric load is determined, a
check must be made of payload weight.
◦ For wheel loader, the operating load is limited to
less than 50% of static tipping load, considering
the combined weight of the bucket and the load.
◦ For track loader, the operating load is limited to
less than 35% of static tipping load
 Specification for wheel loader Specification for track loader

Heaped Bucket Static Heaped Bucket Static

bucket Dump tipping Load bucket Dump tipping Load
capacity (cy) Clearance (lb) capacity (cy) Clearance (lb)
(ft) (ft)
1.25 8.4 9600 1.00 8.5 10500
2.00 8.7 12700 1.30 8.5 12700
2.25 9.0 13000 1.50 8.6 17000
3.00 9.3 17000 2.00 9.5 19000
3.75 9.3 21000 2.60 10.2 26000
4.00 9.6 25000 3.75 10.9 36000
4.75 9.7 27000
5.50 10.7 37000
7.00 10.4 50000
14.0 13.6 98000
23.0 19.1 222000
 Production Rate for Loader
◦ Critical factors to be considered : type of material,
volume of material to be handled, height that must
material to be lifted.
◦ The production rate depend on :
 Fixed time require to load the bucket, maneuver of
direction, and dump the load.
 Time required to travel from loading to dumping position.
 Time required to return to loading position.
◦ For distances of less than 100ft, loader should be
travel at about 60% of its max speed in low gear
and return empty at 60% max speed in second
gear. In the case of distance over 100ft, return
travel should be about 80% of max speed in second
gear.
 Example : A 4-cy wheel loader will be used
to load the trucks from a quarry stockpile of
processed aggregate having a max size of 1
½ in. the haul distance will be negligible. The
aggregate has a loose unit weight of 3100 lb
per cy. Estimate the loader production based
on a 50 min hour efficiency factor.
 Bucket fill factor, aggregate over 1 in, use 85%
 Check tipping :
◦ Load weight = 4 cy x 0.85 = 3.4 lcy
= 3.4 lcy x 3100 lb/lcy = 10540 lb
From table, machine static tipping load = 25000 lb
Operating load = 50% x 25000 lb = 12500 lb
10540 lb actual load < 12500 lb, therefore OK

 Typical fixed cycle time, 4 cy wheel loader 30 – 33 sec, use 30

sec
 Efficiency factor, 50 min hour
 Production = (3600 sec/hr x 4 cy x 0.85) : 30 sec x 50
min/60min
= 340 lcy/hr
 Operating Methods
◦ I-shape loading, CT= D/HT + D/RT + FT
◦ V-shape loading, CT= D/HT X 2+ D/RT X 2+ FT
◦ Load and carry, CT= D/HT X 2 + FT
 Quiz(15 menit)
Tentukan produktifitas Crawler loader akan
memuat material ke dump truck dengan data-data
sbb:

Operating : V-shape loading

method : 15 m
Haul distance : Broken lime stone
Type of earth : 55 minutes
Job efficiency : 0.9
Bucket fill : Haul = 0 – 5.8 km/hr Return = 0 –
factor : 7.5 km/hr
Travel speed : 2.5 m3
Bucket load 1 mnute
Fixed Time
4. cOMPACTOR
 Tower cranes are selected for use based on :
◦ Weight, dimension, and lift radii of the heaviest
loads.
◦ Maximum free-standing height of the machine
◦ Machine climbing arrangement
◦ Weight of the machine supported by the structure
◦ Available head room
◦ Area must be reach
◦ Hoist speed of the machine
◦ Length of cable the hoist drum can carry

Tower Crane
Rated Loads for Tower Crane

Tower Crane
Effect of hoist line speed on
lifting capacities

Two part line Four Part Line

Gear Max Load Max Speed Gear Max Load Max Speed
(Lb) (fpm) (Lb) (fpm)
1 27.600 100 1 55.200 50
2 15.700 200 2 31.400 100
3 9.300 300 3 18.600 150
4 5.500 500 4 11.000 250
 Example : can the tower crane lift a 15000 lb load at
a radius of 142 ft? The crane has an L7 jib and a
two part line hoist. The slings that will be used for
the pick weight 400 lb.
◦ Weight of load 15000 lb
◦ Weight of rigging 400 lb
◦ Total 15400 lb
◦ Required capacity 15400 x 1.05 = 16170 lb
◦ From the table the maximum lifting capacity at
142 ft hook reach is 16400 lb > 16170 lb
◦ The crane can safely make the lift.
 Capacities of trucks
◦ Gravimetric
◦ Struck volume
◦ Heaped volume
 Effects of Truck Size
◦ The productivity of truck depend on the size of its
load and the number of trips it can make in an
hour.
◦ Truck cycle time has four components : load time,
haul time, dump time and return time.

6. TRUCK
 Calculating truck production
◦ Step 1. Number of bucket loads
Number of bucket loads = truck capacity (lcy) : bucket
capacity (lcy)
◦ Step 2. Load time
 Rounded down to a lower integer
◦ Load time = number of bucket swings x bucket cycle time
◦ Truckload = number of bucket swing x volume of bucket
 Rounded down to a higher integer
◦ Load time = number of bucket swings x bucket cycle time
◦ Truckload = volumetric capacity of truck
◦ Step 3. Haul Time
Haul time = Haul distance : Haul speed
◦ Step 4. Dump Time
 Dump time will depend on the type of hauling unit and
congestion in the dump area.
 Rear dump truck : 0.7 min – 1.5 min
 Bottom dump truck : 0.3 min – 1.5 min
 Always try to visualize the conditions in the dump area
when estimating dump time.
◦ Step 5. Return Time
Return time = Return distance : Return speed
◦ Step 6. Truck cycle time
Truck cycle time = Loadtime + Haultime + Dumptime +
Returntime
◦ Step 7. Number of truck required
Number of truck = Truck cycle time (min) : Equipment cycle
time (min)
◦ Step 8. Production
 Lower integer number
Production (lcy/hr) = Truck load (lcy) x number trucks x
(60 min/truck cycle time )

 Higher integer number

Production (lcy/hr) = Truck load (lcy) x (60 min/equipment
cycle time)
 Rear-dump truck with struck capacity 14,7 cy
and heaped capacity 18,3 cy are used to haul
sandy clay. Net weight empty 36.860 lb and
payload 44.000 lb. The truck will be loaded by
hydraulic hoe having a 3-cy bucket. The haul
road from the borrow site to the fill is a 3-mile
downhill grade of 1%. Dump time will average 2
min because of expected congestion on the fill.
The hoe should be able to cycle in 20 sec. the
sandy clay has a loose unit weight of 2.150
lb/cy. A realistic eff. Estimate for this work is a
50-min hour.
 Step 1. Number of bucket loads.
Bucket fill factor = 110 %
Bucket volume = 3 x 1.1 = 3.3 lcy
Heaped capacity of truck is 18,3 lcy, therefore balanced number
of bucket loads 18,3 : 3,3 = 5,5
 Step 2. Load time
Five buckets :
Load time 5 x (20 sec : 60 sec per min) = 1.66 min
Load volume = 5 x 3.3 lcy = 16,5 lcy
Check load weight 16,5 x 2,150 lb per lcy = 35,045 lb
35,045 lb < 44,000 lb OK !
Six buckets :
Load time 6 x (20 sec : 60 sec per min) = 2 min
Load volume = 6 x 3.3 lcy = 19,3 lcy, excess spills off
Check load weight 19,3 x 2,150 lb per lcy = 39,345 lb
39,345 lb < 44,000 lb OK !
 Step 3. Haul time
RR : earth, poorly maintained 100 – 140 lb per ton
using 120 lb/ton = 6%
GR : - 1 % Five Six
TR : 5% buckets buckets
Empty truck net 36,860 36,860
weight 35,045 39,345
Load weight 71,905 76,205
Gross weight 16 mph 13 mph
Speed

Haul time (five bucket) = (3 miles x 5,280 ft/mile) :

(88 fpm/mph x 16 mph) = 11,25 min
Haul time (six bucket) = (3 miles x 5,280 ft/mile) :
(88 fpm/mph x 13 mph) = 13,85 min
 Step 4.Return time
RR = 6%, GR = 1% so TR = 7%
Empty truck weight = 36,860 lb
Speed =22 mph
Return time = (3 miles x 5,280 ft/mile) : (88
fpm/mph x 22 mph) = 8,18 min

Step 5. Dump time

Expected 2 min
 Step 6.Truck cycle time
Five bucket Six bucket
Load time 1,66 2,00
Haul time 11,25 13,85
Dump time 2,0 2,00
Return time 8,18 8,18
Truck cycle 23,09 26,03
time

 Step 7. Number of truck required

Five bucket Six bucket
Truck cycle 23,09 min 26,03 min
time 1,66 min 2,0 min
Hoe cycle time 13,9 13,0
Number of
truck
 Step 8. Production
Production (5 buckets, 13 trucks)
= 16,5 lcy x 13 trucks x (60 min/23,09 min)= 557
lcy/hr
Production (5 buckets, 14 trucks)
= 16,5 lcy x (60 min/1,66 min)= 596 lcy/hr
Production (6 buckets, 13 trucks)
= 18,3 lcy x 13 trucks x (60 min/26,03 min)= 548
lcy/hr
 PR
◦ No 4 Hal 234 Buku Comstruction Equipment
Guide David A Day