AWS 110 Ch07 Buckling

Workbench-Simulation Introduction 11.
Chapter 7
Linear Buckling Analysis
3/8/2007 Workbench 11.0 Inventory #002417

© 2007 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 7-1
Chapter Overview Training Manual
• In this chapter, performing linear buckling analyses in Simulation will

be covered.
– In Simulation, performing a linear buckling analysis is similar to a stress
analysis.
– It is assumed that the user has already covered Chapter 4 Linear Static
Structural Analysis prior to this section.
• The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to

ANSYS DesignSpace Entra licenses and above.
– Some options discussed in this chapter may require more advanced
licenses, but these are noted accordingly.
– Harmonic and nonlinear static structural analyses are not discussed here
but in their respective chapters.
3/8/2007 Workbench-Simulation Introduction Inventory #002417

A. Background on Buckling Training Manual
• Many structures require an evaluation of their structural stability.

Thin columns, compression members, and vacuum tanks are all
examples of structures where stability considerations are important.
• At the onset of instability (buckling) a structure will have a very large
change in displacement {x} under essentially no change in the load
(beyond a small load perturbation).
F F
Stable Unstable

… Background on Buckling Training Manual
• Eigenvalue or linear buckling analysis predicts the theoretical

buckling strength of an ideal linear elastic structure.
• This method corresponds to the textbook approach of linear elastic
buckling analysis.
– The eigenvalue buckling solution of a Euler column will match the
classical Euler solution.

• Imperfections and nonlinear behavior prevent most real world

structures from achieving their theoretical elastic buckling strength.
Linear buckling generally yields unconservative results, and should
be used with caution.
– Consider the buckling of a soda can:
• Material response is inelastic. Geometrically nonlinear effects need to be
considered. Contact is also required. Hence, these type of nonlinear behavior
are not considered.
• There may be slight imperfections in the soda can, such as a small dent, which
would influence the response and not make the model symmetric. However,
these small imperfections are also not usually considered in a linear buckling
analysis.

• Although unconservative, linear buckling has various advantages:

– It is computationally cheaper than a nonlinear buckling analysis, and
should be run as a first step to estimate the critical load (load at the onset
of buckling).
• Relative comparisons can be made of the effect of differences in design to
buckling
– Linear buckling can be used as a design tool to determine what the
possible buckling mode shapes may be.
• The way in which a structure may buckle can be used as a possible guide in
design

… Basics of Linear Buckling Training Manual
• For a linear buckling analysis, the eigenvalue problem below is

solved to get the buckling load multiplier li and buckling modes yi:
K   li S y i   0
Assumptions:
– [K] and [S] are constant:
• Linear elastic material behavior is assumed
• Small deflection theory is used, and no nonlinearities included
– Some additional restrictions:
• Nonzero displacement supports or thermal loads are not allowed
• It is important to remember these assumptions related to performing
linear buckling analyses in Simulation.

B. Buckling Analysis Procedure Training Manual
• A Static Structural analysis will need to be performed prior to the

buckling analysis. Once this is done, a Linear Buckling Analysis type
is requested which then runs the buckling analysis. The steps in
italics are specific to buckling analyses.
– Attach Geometry
– Assign Material Properties
– Define Contact Regions (if applicable)
– Define Mesh Controls (optional)
– Include Loads and Supports
– Solve Static Structural Analysis
– Insert Linear Buckling Analysis
– Set Initial Conditions
– Request Results
– Solve the Model
– Review Results

… Geometry and Material Properties Training Manual
• Any type of geometry supported by Simulation may be used in

buckling analyses:
– Solid bodies
– Surface bodies (with appropriate thickness defined)
– Line bodies (with appropriate cross-sections defined)
• Only buckling modes and displacement results are available for line bodies.
– Although Point Masses may be included in the model, only inertial loads
affect point masses, so the applicability of this feature may be limited in
buckling analyses
• For material properties, Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio are

required as a minimum
ANSYS License Availability

DesignSpace Entra x
DesignSpace x
Professional x
Structural x
Mechanical/Multiphysics x
… Contact Regions Training Manual
• Contact regions are available in buckling analyses. However, since

this is a purely linear analysis, contact behavior will depend on the
their status at the end of the static analysis
Contact Type
Initially Touching Inside Pinball Region Outside Pinball Region
Bonded Bonded Bonded Free
No Separation No Separation No Separation Free
Rough Bonded Free Free
Frictionless No Separation Free Free
• It is important to note the following:

– All nonlinear contact types are reduced to either “Bonded” or “No
Separation” contact.
• No Separation contact should be used with caution in buckling analyses, as it
provides no stiffness in the tangential direction.

DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace x
Professional x
Structural x
… Loads and Supports Training Manual
• At least one structural load, which causes buckling, should be

applied to the model:
– All structural loads will be multiplied by the load factor to determine the
buckling load. Hence, non-proportional or constant loading is not
directly supported (see next slide)
– No Given Displacement supports are allowed
– No Thermal loading is allowed
– Compression-only supports are not recommended
– The structure should be fully constrained, no rigid-body motion should
be present in the model.

DesignSpace Entra x
DesignSpace x
Professional x
Structural x
… Loads and Supports Training Manual
• Special considerations must be given if constant and proportional

loads are present.
– The user may iterate on the buckling solution, adjusting the variable
loads until the load multiplier becomes 1.0 or nearly 1.0.
– Consider the example of a pole with self weight WO and an externally
applied force A. You can iterate, adjusting the value of A until l = 1.0.

DesignSpace Entra x
DesignSpace x
Professional x
Structural x
… Requesting Results Training Manual
• Simulation triggers a buckling analysis when the

Linear Buckling analysis branch is inserted:
– The “Initial Condition” object can use the results
from static analysis specified.
– The Details view of the “Analysis Settings” under
the Linear Buckling branch allows the user to
specify the number of buckling modes to find. The
default is to find the first buckling mode. Increasing
the number of modes to calculate will increase the
solution time. However, usually only a few buckling
modes are usually desired.
Although most users are

only concerned with the
first buckling mode, it is
generally a good idea to
request the first 2 or 3
buckling modes. There
may be closely-space
ANSYS License Availability buckling modes, so this
DesignSpace Entra x
DesignSpace x
would tell the user if the
Professional x model may be susceptible
Structural x
to more than one failure
Workbench-Simulation Introduction
mode. Inventory #002417
3/8/2007
… Requesting Results Training Manual
• Requested results are located under the

Buckling branch:
– Select the number of modes to find under the
Details view of the “Analysis Settings” in the
“Linear Buckling” analysis branch.
– In order to postprocess stresses and strains,
“Output Controls” will have to be set “Yes” to
calculate them
– Total and directional deformation as well as
stress and strains results can be requested
for postprocessing. The results can be
requested for each of the required buckling
modes.

DesignSpace Entra x
DesignSpace x
Professional x
Structural x
… Solving the Model Training Manual
• After setting up the model, solve the buckling analysis via the Solve
button.
– A linear buckling analysis is more computationally expensive than a
static analysis on the same model.
– The “Solution Information” branch provides a detailed solution output

… Reviewing Results Training Manual
• After the solution, the buckling modes can be reviewed

– The Load Multiplier for each buckling mode is shown in the Details view.
The load multiplier times the applied loads represent the critical load
– The buckling modes can be used to determine what the failure modes
may look like

DesignSpace Entra x
DesignSpace x
Professional x
Structural x
• Interpreting the Load Multiplier (l):

– The tower model below has been solved twice. In the first case a unit
load is applied. In the second an expected load applied (see next page)

• Interpreting the Load Multiplier (l):
BucklingLo ad  l *Unit _ Load

 BucklingLo ad  l  Critical _ Load
BucklingLo ad  l * Actual _ Load

BuclingLoa d
  l  Safety _ Factor
Actual _ Load

• The buckling load multipliers can be reviewed in the “Timeline”

section of the results under the “Linear Buckling” analysis branch
– It is good practice to request more than one buckling mode to see if the
structure may be able to buckle in more than one way under a given
applied load.

DesignSpace Entra x
DesignSpace x
Professional x
Structural x

C. Workshop 7 – Linear Buckling Training Manual
• Workshop 7 – Linear Buckling

• Goal:
– Verify linear buckling results in Simulation for the pipe model
shown below. Results will be compared to closed form
calculations from a handbook.


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Workbench-Simulation Introduction 11.

3/8/2007 Workbench 11.0 Inventory #002417

Chapter Overview Training Manual

• In this chapter, performing linear buckling analyses in Simulation will

• The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to

3/8/2007 Workbench-Simulation Introduction Inventory #002417

A. Background on Buckling Training Manual

• Many structures require an evaluation of their structural stability.

3/8/2007 Workbench-Simulation Introduction Inventory #002417

… Background on Buckling Training Manual

• Eigenvalue or linear buckling analysis predicts the theoretical

3/8/2007 Workbench-Simulation Introduction Inventory #002417

… Background on Buckling Training Manual

• Imperfections and nonlinear behavior prevent most real world

3/8/2007 Workbench-Simulation Introduction Inventory #002417

… Background on Buckling Training Manual

• Although unconservative, linear buckling has various advantages:

3/8/2007 Workbench-Simulation Introduction Inventory #002417

… Basics of Linear Buckling Training Manual

• For a linear buckling analysis, the eigenvalue problem below is

3/8/2007 Workbench-Simulation Introduction Inventory #002417

B. Buckling Analysis Procedure Training Manual

• A Static Structural analysis will need to be performed prior to the

3/8/2007 Workbench-Simulation Introduction Inventory #002417

… Geometry and Material Properties Training Manual

• Any type of geometry supported by Simulation may be used in

• For material properties, Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio are

ANSYS License Availability

… Contact Regions Training Manual

• Contact regions are available in buckling analyses. However, since

• It is important to note the following:

ANSYS License Availability

… Loads and Supports Training Manual

• At least one structural load, which causes buckling, should be

ANSYS License Availability

… Loads and Supports Training Manual

• Special considerations must be given if constant and proportional

ANSYS License Availability

… Requesting Results Training Manual

• Simulation triggers a buckling analysis when the

Although most users are

… Requesting Results Training Manual

• Requested results are located under the

ANSYS License Availability

… Solving the Model Training Manual

3/8/2007 Workbench-Simulation Introduction Inventory #002417

… Reviewing Results Training Manual

• After the solution, the buckling modes can be reviewed

ANSYS License Availability

… Reviewing Results Training Manual

• Interpreting the Load Multiplier (l):

3/8/2007 Workbench-Simulation Introduction Inventory #002417

… Reviewing Results Training Manual

• Interpreting the Load Multiplier (l):

BucklingLo ad  l *Unit _ Load

BucklingLo ad  l * Actual _ Load

3/8/2007 Workbench-Simulation Introduction Inventory #002417

… Reviewing Results Training Manual

• The buckling load multipliers can be reviewed in the “Timeline”

ANSYS License Availability