Universal Precautions (UP)

Are techniques to be used with all clients

to decrease the risk of transmitting
unidentified pathogens.
It obstruct the spread of BLOODBORNE
PATHOGENS
Ex. Of viral infections.
Hepa B, Hepa C, and HIV.
Body Substance Isolation (BSI)

- system employs generic infection

control precautions for all clients except
those with the few diseases transmitted
through the air.
1. ALL people have an inc. risk for
infection from mic. Placed on their
MUCOUS MEMBRANES and NON
intact skin.
2. ALL people are likely to have
potentially infectious microorganisms
in all of their MOIST body sites and
substances.
3. An unknown portion of clients and
HC workers will always be colonized
or infected with potentially infectious
microorganisms in their blood and
other moist body sites And
substances.
 STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
These precautions are used in the care of
all hospitalized persons regardless of their
diagnosis or possible infection status.
RECOMMENDED ISOLATION
PRECAUTIONS IN HOSPITAL
 Designed for all clients in hospital
 These precautions apply to (a) blood; (b)
all body fluids, excretions and secretion
except sweat; (c) nonintact (broken) skin;
and (d) mucous membranes.
 Designed to reduce risk of transmission of
microorganisms from recognized and
unrecognized resources.
1. Perform proper hand hygiene after contact with blood,
body fluids, secretions, excretions, and contaminated
objects whether or not gloves are worn.
2. Wear clean gloves when touching blood, body fluids,
excretions, secretions, and contaminated items (i.e.,
soiled gowns)
3. Wear a mask, eye protection, or a face shield if
splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, secretions, or
excretions.
4. Wear a clean, non-sterile gown if client care is likely
to result in splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids,
secretions, or excretions. The gown is intended to
protect clothing.
5. Handle client care equipment that is soiled with
blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions
carefully to prevent the transfer of
microorganisms to other and to the environment.
6. Handle, transport, and process linen that is soiled
with blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions
in a manner to prevent contamination of clothing
and the transfer of microorganism to others and
to the environment.
7. Prevent injuries from used scalpels, needles, or
other equipment, and place in puncture-resistant
containers.
TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTIONS

These precautions are used in addition

to standard precautions for clients with
known or suspected infections the are
spread in one of three ways : by airborne
or droplet transmission, or by contact.
 Airborne Precaution

Used for clients known to have or

suspected of having serious illness
transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei
smaller than 5 microns
 RECOMMENDED ISOLATION
PRECAUTIONS IN HOSPITAL

Use standard precautions as well as

the following:
1. Place client in a private room that ahs
negative air pressure, 6 to 12 air
changes per hour, and either discharge
of air to the outside or a filtration
system for the room air.
2. If a private room is not available, place client with
another client who is infected with the same
microorganism
3. Wear a respiratory device (N95 respirator) when
entering the room of a client who is known or
suspected of having primary tuberculosis.
4. Susceptible people should not enter the room of a
client who has rubeola (measles) or varicella
(chickenpox). If they must enter, they should wear a
respirator.
5. Limit movement of client outside the room to
essential purposes. Place a surgical mask on the client
during transport.
 Droplet Precaution

Used for clients known or suspected to

have serious illnesses transmitted by
particle droplets larger than 5 microns
 RECOMMENDED ISOLATION
PRECAUTIONS IN HOSPITAL
Use standard precautions as well as the
following:
1. Place client in a private room.
2. If a private room is not available, place client
with another client who is infected with the
same microorganism.
3. Wear a mask if working within 3 feet of the
client.
4. Limit movement of client outside the room
to essential purposes. Place a surgical mask
on the client during transport.
 Contact Precaution

Used for clients known or suspected to

have serious illnesses easily transmitted
by direct client contact or by contact with
items in the client’s environment.
 RECOMMENDED ISOLATION
PRECAUTIONS IN HOSPITAL

Use standard precautions as well as

the following:
1. Place client in private room.
2. If a private room is not available, place
client with another client who is
infected with the same
microorganism.
3. Wear gloves as described in standard
precautions
4. Wear a gown when entering a room if there is a
possibility of contact with infected surfaces or
items, or if the client is incontinent, or has
diarrhea, a colostomy, or wound drainage not
contained by a dressing.
5. Limit movement of client outside the room.
6. Dedicate the use of noncritical client care
equipment to a single client or to client with
the same infecting microorganism.
COMPROMISED CLIENTS
Compromised client (those highly
susceptible to infection) are often infected by
their own microorganism, by microorganism on
the inadequately cleansed hands of health care
personnel, and by non-sterile items (food, water,
air, and client-care equipment).
Disease that depresses the client’s resistance to infectious
organisms.
 Extensive skin impairments which cannot be effectively covered
with dressings.
ISOLATION PRACTICE
 Use strict aseptic technique when performing any invasive
procedure and when changing surgical dressings.
 Change intravenous tubing and solution containers
according to hospital policy.
 Check all sterile supplies for expiration date and intact
packaging.
 Prevent urinary infections by maintaining a closed urinary
drainage system with a downhill flow of urine.
 Implement measures to prevent impaired skin integrity and
to prevent accumulation of secretions in the lungs.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Gloves
Gowns
Face Masks
Eyewear
GLOVES
 Protect the hands when the nurse is likely to
handle any body substances.
 Reduces the likelihood of nurses transmitting
their own endogenous microorganisms to
individuals receiving care.
 Reduces the chance that the nurse’s hands will
transmit microorganisms from one client or a
formite to another client.
GOWN
 Clean or disposable impervious (water-resistant)
gowns or plastic aprons are worn during procedure
when the nurse’s uniform is likely to become
soiled.
 Sterile gown maybe indicated when the nurse
changes the dressings of a client with extensive
wound.
 Single-use gown technique is the usual practice in
hospitals.
FACE MASK
 Must be wear if the infection is transmitted by
large-particles aerosols (droplets). Large particles
aerosols are transmitted by close contact and
generally travel short distances.
 All persons entering the room if the infection is
transmitted by small-particle aerosols (droplet
nuclei)
Sterile mask are worn
a. To prevent droplet contact transmission of
exhaled microorganism to the sterile field or to a
client’s open wound
b. Protect the nurse from splashes of body
substances from the client.
EYE WEAR
 Protective eyewear and masks are indicated in
situations where body substances may splatter the
face.