Bridges: Structure Span Body of Water Valley Road

Bridges
A bridge is a structure built to span physical

obstacles without closing the way underneath such as
a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of
providing passage over the obstacle.
There are many different designs that each serve a
particular purpose and apply to different situations.
Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of
the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge
is constructed and anchored, the material used to
make it, and the funds available to build it
Slab Culvert
It is a structure that allows water to flow under a
road, railroad, trail, or similar obstruction from one
side to the other side.
Typically embedded so as to be surrounded by soil, a
culvert may be made from a pipe, reinforced
concrete or other material.
A structure that carries water above land is known as
an aqueduct.
Culverts are commonly used both as cross-drains for
ditch relief and to pass water under a road at natural
drainage and stream crossings.
A culvert may be a bridge-like structure designed to
allow vehicle or pedestrian traffic to cross over the
waterway while allowing adequate passage for the
water.
Culverts come in many sizes and shapes including
round, elliptical, flat-bottomed, pear-shaped, and box-
like constructions.
Solid Slab
The solid slab is the simplest form of reinforced
concrete bridge deck.
Ease of construction resulting from the simplicity
makes this the most economic type for short span
structures.
Solid slabs also have good distribution properties
which makes them efficient at carrying
concentrated movable loads such as wheel loads
for highway bridges.
However, above a span of around 10 m the
deadweight starts to become excessive,
making other forms of construction more
economic.
Solid slab bridges can be simply supported on
bearings or built into the abutments.
Cantilever Bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built
using cantilevers, structures that project
horizontally into space, supported on only one
end. For small footbridges, the cantilevers may be
simple beams; however, large cantilever bridges
designed to handle road or rail traffic
use trusses built from structural steel, or box
girders built from prestressed concrete.
The steel truss cantilever bridge was a major
engineering breakthrough when first put into practice,
as it can span distances of over 1,500 feet (460 m),
and can be more easily constructed at difficult
crossings by virtue of using little or no falsework.
Box Girder Bridge
A box girder bridge is a bridge in which the
main beams comprise girders in the shape of a hollow
box.
The box girder normally comprises either prestressed
concrete, structural steel, or a composite of steel
and reinforced concrete.
The box is typically rectangularor trapezoidal in cross-

section.
Box girder bridges are commonly used for
highway flyovers and for modern elevated structures
of light rail transport.
Although normally the box girder bridge is a form
of beam bridge, box girders may also be used
on cable-stayed bridges and other forms.
Arch Bridge
• An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each
end shaped as a curved arch.
• Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the
bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust
restrained by the abutments at either side.
• A viaduct (a long bridge) may be made from a series
of arches, although other more economical structures
are typically used today.
Segmental Bridge
• As its name implies, a segmental bridge is
a bridge built in short sections (called segments), i.e.,
one piece at a time, as opposed to traditional methods
that build a bridge in very large sections.
• The bridge is made of concrete that is either cast-in-
place (constructed fully in its final location)
or precast concrete (built at another location and then
transported to their final location for placement in the
full structure).
• These bridges are very economical for long spans
(over 100 meters), especially when access to the
construction site is restricted. They are also chosen
for their aesthetic appeal
Bearing
A bridge bearing is a component of a bridge which
typically provides a resting surface between bridge
piers and the bridge deck.
The purpose of a bearing is to allow controlled
movement and thereby reduce the stresses involved.
Movement could be thermal expansion or contraction,
or movement from other sources such as seismic
activity.
There are several different types of bridge bearings
which are used depending on a number of different
factors including the bridge span.
The oldest form of bridge bearing is simply two
plates resting on top of each other.
A common form of modern bridge bearing is
the elastomeric bridge bearing.
Another type of bridge bearing is the mechanical
bridge bearing.
There are several types of mechanical bridge bearing,
such as the pinned bearing, which in turn includes
specific types such as the rocker bearing, and the
roller bearing.
Another type of mechanical bearing is the fixed
bearing, which allows rotation, but not other forms of
movement.

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Bridges

A bridge is a structure built to span physical

The box is typically rectangularor trapezoidal in cross-

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