2 Simple Strain
2 Simple Strain
2 Simple Strain
SIMPLE STRAIN
D
F F
Strain,
- is the amount by which a dimension of a body
changes when the body is subjected to a load divided
by the original value of the dimension.
,mm/mm or in/in or
L unitless
where:
E – Young’s Modulus
or Modulus of Elasticity
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
but,
F
S
A
and,
L
subs,
F
E
A L
FL
AE
Shear Deformation
let,
s = shearing deformation
s = shearing strain
s
s
L
Poisson’s Ratio
-is the ratio of lateral unit deformation to axial unit
deformation
let,
= poisson’s ratio also ,
lateral strain
E
1
longitudin al strain 2G
y
or,
x
or E
G
z 2(1 )
x
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Thermal Stress
L
Lf t
tf
let,
t = thermal elongation
t ∞ L (Δt) where:
or, α = coefficient of thermal expansion
t = α L (Δt) tf = final temperature
t = initial temperature
Lf = final length
L = initial length
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also,
= strain or,
∞ Δt
= α Δt t
Sth E
and , Lo
t
L ( t f t )
L
L
From Hooke’s Law, Sth E( t f t )
S∞
or S=E
subs,
Sth = E α Δt
Example 1:
A steel rod 30 mm in diameter and 80 mm long has an allowance
elongation not to exceed 1.5 mm, find the allowable load in KN.
Use E = 200 x 106 KPa.
from, or,
L = 800 mm
FL
D = 30 mm ( D2 )E
AE F 4
= 1.5 mm
AE L
F subs,
L 2 N 2 10
0.002 L( )(0.006) m (9 x10 2
)
F 4 m
L
F 5089.38 N
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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Example 2:
A steel rod 10 m long, hanging vertically supports a tensile load of
2000 KN. Neglecting the weight of the rod, determine the required
diameter if the stress is not to exceed 600 MPa and the total
elongation is not to exceed 5 mm. Use E = 200 GPa.
from, but, therefore,
F F
FL St
A d2
AE use,
4
L = 10 m 2000 KN (10m) d = 65.15 mm
D=? 0.005 m
2 N d
4F
d (200 x109 2 ) St
4 m
d 5.046 x10 3 m 4(2000 KN )
d
KN
or (600 x103 2 )
m
d 5.05 mm
F = 2000 KN d 0.06515 m
or d 65.15 mm
Example 3:
A steel rod, 15 mm in diameter, is to be attached between two fixed points
1.25 m apart. If the rod is too short by 0.25 mm, find the stress
applied to put the rod back to fitness. Use E = 200,000 GPa.
from, subs,
1.25 m
FL N
L=? (0.00025m)( 200 x10 9
2
AE St m
L 1.24975m
S St 40,008,001.6 Pa
0.25 mm E
E or
L = 1.25 – 0.00025 St
= 1.24975 m L St 40 MPa
Example 4:
A rail having a coefficient of linear expansion of 11.6 x 10-6 m/m C
increases its length when heated from 25 C to 50 C. Determine
the strain.
from, subs,
t
6 m
L 11.6x10 (50 25)C
mC
but,
4 m
t L( t f t ) 2.9x10
m
then,
L ( t t t )
t = 25 C tf = 50 C
α = 11.6 x 10-6 m/m C
L
( t f t )
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Example 5:
What temperature will the rails just touch each other, if steel railroad
is 10 m long are laid with clearance of 3 mm at an initial temperature
of 21 C? Use = 11.7 x 10 -6 m/m C.
but,
c
t = α L (tf – t)
/2
0.003 m = (1.7 x 10-6 m/mC)(10m)(tf-2) C
C = /2 + /2
tf = 46.64 C
C=
C = 3 mm
Example 6:
A tensile stress of 100 MPa exists on a 2 cm diameter steel rod that is
fastened securely between two rigid walls. If the temperature is
increased by 30 C, what is the final stress in the rod?
then,
L subs, net t
100 MPa
4.7619 x 104 L 3.51 x 104 L
L 210 x 103 MPa
Lf net 1.2519 x 104 L
4.7619 x 10 4 let,
4 Sf final stress
from, SE 4.7619 x 10 L
Sf E net
also,
t Lt net
St E E
L
L
11.7 x 10 6 L(30) 1.2519 x 10 4 L
St (210x106 KPa)
t 3.51 x 10 4 L
L
L E Sf 26,289.9 KPa
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CIT - UNIVERSITY
Example 7:
The modulus of elasticity 15,000,000 psi and 6,000,000 psi in shear
for a given material. Determine its poisson’s ratio.
from,
E
1
2G
15,000,000
1
2(6,000,000)
0.25
Example 8:
A steel shaft having a diameter of 5 cm is subjected to an axial tensile
force of 1000 KN. Determine the diameter after the force is applied.
Use a poisson’s ratio, = 0.28 and E = 210 x 106 KPa.
but, subs,
L L
D L F
L L
Lf L and, AE
Df F 100 KN
d L
FL
from, KN
lateral strain AE (0.05 m) 2 (210 x 10 6 2 )
4 m
L F
longitudin al strain L 2.4252 x 10 3 m
L L AE
L
d
D
D
L
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Example 8, con’t:
then, but,
D L D D Df
D
0.28(2.4252 x 10 3 ) D D
D 6.7906 x 10 4 m D f D D .D
D f 0.05 6.7906 x10 4 (0.05)
D f 0.049966 m
or
D f 4.9966 cm