Pertemuan3-Sampling and Quantization in MATLAB

ELS2201: Electromagnetics
Week 2
•Electric Flux Density
• Gauss’s Law
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI DEL

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11/26/18 GDE/ELS2201 - Electromagnetics
Chapter 3 Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence
Electric Flux Density

 About 1837, the Director of the Royal Society in London,
Michael Faraday, was interested in static electric fields and the
effect of various insulating materials on these fields.
 This is the lead to his famous invention, the electric motor.
 He found that if he moved a magnet through a loop of wire, an
electric current flowed in the wire. The current also flowed if the
loop was moved over a stationary magnet.
►Changing magnetic field produces an electric field.

 In his experiments, Faraday had a pair of concentric metallic
spheres constructed, the outer one consisting of two
hemispheres that could be firmly clamed together.
 He also prepared shells of insulating material (or dielectric
material), which would occupy the entire volume between the
concentric spheres.

 Faraday found out, that there was a sort of “charge
displacement” from the inner sphere to the outer sphere, which
was independent of the medium.
 We refer to this flow as displacement, displacement flux, or
simply electric flux.
ψ=Q
 Where ψ is the electric flux, measured in coulombs, and Q is

the total charge on the inner sphere, also in coulombs.

 At the surface of the inner sphere, ψ
coulombs of electric flux are produced
by the given charge Q coulombs, and
distributed uniformly over a surface
having an area of 4πa2 m2.
 The density of the flux at this surface
is ψ/4πa2 or Q/4πa2 C/m2.
 The new quantity, electric flux density, is measured in C/m2 and

denoted with D.
 The direction of D at a point is the direction of the flux lines at
that point.
 The magnitude of D is given by the number of flux lines
crossing a surface normal to the lines divided by the surface
area.

 Referring again to the concentric
spheres, the electric flux density is in
the radial direction :
Q
D r =a = a (inner sphere)
4p a 2 r
Q
D r =b = a (outer sphere)
4p b 2 r
 At a distance r, where a ≤ r ≤ b,
Q
D= a
4p r 2 r
 If we make the inner sphere smaller and smaller, it becomes a

point charge while still retaining a charge of Q. The electrix flux
density at a point r meters away is still given by:
Q
D= a
4p r 2 r

 Comparing with the previous chapter, the radial electric field
intensity of a point charge in free space is:
Q
E= a
4pe 0 r 2 r
 Therefore, in free space, the following relation applies:

D = e 0E
 For a general volume charge distribution in free space:

rv dv
E=� a
vol 4pe R 2 R
0
r dv
D = � v 2 aR
vol 4p R

 Example
Find the electric flux density at a point having a distance 3 m
from a uniform line charge of 8 nC/m lying along the z axis in
free space.
rL rL 8 �10-9 1.273 �10-9

E= ar � D = ar = ar = a r C m2
2pe 0 r 2pr 2pr r
For the value ρ = 3 m,

1.273 �10-9
D= = 4.244 �10-10 a r C m 2 = 0.424ar nC m2
3

 Example
Calculate D at point P(6,8,–10) produced by a uniform surface
charge density with ρs = 57.2 μC/m2 on the plane x = 9.
rs rs 57.2 �10-6
E= aN � D = aN = a N = 28.6a N m C m 2
2e 0 2 2
At P(6,8,–10),
a N = -a x � D = -28.6a x m C m 2
Gauss’s Law
 The results of Faraday’s experiments with the concentric
spheres could be summed up as an experimental law by stating
that the electric flux passing through any imaginary spherical
surface lying between the two conducting spheres is equal to
the charge enclosed within that imaginary surface.
ψ=Q
 Faraday’s experiment can be generalized to the following

statement, which is known as Gauss’s Law:
“The electric flux passing through any closed surface is
equal to the total charge enclosed by that surface.”
Gauss’s Law
 Imagine a distribution of charge, shown as a cloud of point charges,
surrounded by a closed surface of any shape.
 If the total charge is Q, the Q coulombs of electric flux will pass

through the enclosing surface.
 At every point on the surface the electric-flux-density vector D
will have some value DS (subscript S means that D must be
evaluated at the surface).
Gauss’s Law
 ΔS defines an incremental element of area with magnitude of ΔS and the direction
normal to the plane, or tangent to the surface at the point in question.
 At any point P, where DS makes an angle θ with ΔS, then the flux crossing ΔS is the
product of the normal components of DS and ΔS.
Dψ = flux crossing DS = DS cos q �

DS = DS �
DS
ψ=�
dψ = �
closed
DS �
dS
surface
Gauss’s Law
 The resultant integral is a closed surface integral, with dS always involves the
differentials of two coordinates
► The integral is a double integral.
 We can formulate the Gauss’s law mathematically as:
ψ=� dS = charge enclosed = Q

DS �
S
 The charge enclosed meant by the formula above might be several point charges, a
line charge, a surface charge, or a volume charge distribution.
Q = �Qn r L dL
Q=� Q=�r S dS Q = �rv dv
S vol
Gauss’s Law
 We now take the last form, written in terms of the charge distribution, to represent
the other forms:
�D S dS = �rv dv
�
S vol
 Illustration. Let a point charge Q be

placed at the origin of a spherical
coordinate system, and choose a
closed surface as a sphere of radius a.
 The electric field intensity due to the
point charge has been found to be:
Q
E= a
4pe 0 r 2 r
Q
D = e 0E � D = a
4p r 2 r
Gauss’s Law
 At the surface, r = a,
Q
DS = a
4p a 2 r
dS = a 2 sin q dq df a r
Q 2 Q
DS �dS = a sin q d q d f a �
a = sin q dq df
4p a 4p
2 r r
ψ=� DS � dS
S
2p p Q
= �� sin q dq df
f = 0 q = 0 4p
r =a
p
Q 2p
=- cos q q f =0
4p q =0
=Q
Application of Gauss’s Law: Some Symmetrical Charge
Distributions
 Let us now consider how to use the Gauss’s law to calculate the electric field
intensity DS:
Q=�DS �
dS
S
 The solution will be easy if we are able to choose a closed surface which satisfies
two conditions:
1. DS is everywhere either normal or tangential to the closed surface, so that DSdS
becomes either DSdS or zero, respectively.
2. On that portion of the closed surface for which DSdS is not zero, DS is constant.
 For point charge ► The surface of a sphere.

 For line charge ► The surface of a cylinder.
Distributions
 From the previous discussion of the uniform line
charge, only the radial component of D is present:
D = Dr a r
 The choice of a surface that fulfill the requirement is
simple: a cylindrical surface.
 Dρ is every normal to the surface of a cylinder. It may
then be closed by two plane surfaces normal to the z
axis.
Distributions
Q=� DS �dS
S
= Dr � dS r + Dz �dS z + Dz � dS z
sides r =r� top z=L bottom z =0
L 2p
= Dr ��r df dz
z =0 f =0
= Dr 2pr L
Q
� Dr =
2pr L
 We know that the charge enclosed is ρLL,
rL
Dr =
2pr
rL
Er =
2pe 0 r
Application of Gauss’s Law: Some Symmetrical Charge Distributions

 The problem of a coaxial cable is almost identical with
that of the line charge.
 Suppose that we have two coaxial cylindrical conductors,
the inner of radius
a and the outer of radius b, both with infinite length.
 We shall assume a charge distribution of ρS on the outer
surface of the inner conductor.
 Choosing a circular cylinder of length L and radius ρ, a < ρ < b, as the gaussian
surface, we find:
Q = DS 2pr L
 The total charge on a length L of the inner conductor is:

L 2p arS
Q = ��r S adf dz = 2p aL r S � DS =
z =0 f =0 r

 For one meter length, the inner conductor has 2πaρS
coulombs, hence ρL = 2πaρS,
rL
D= ar
2pr
 Everly line of electrix flux starting from the inner cylinder

must terminate on the inner surface of the outer cylinder:
Qouter cyl = -2p aL r S ,inner cyl

2p bL r S ,outer cyl = -2p aL r S ,inner cyl • Due to simplicity,
a noise immunity and
r S ,outer cyl = - r S ,inner cyl broad bandwidth,
b coaxial cable is still
 If we use a cylinder of radius ρ > b, the most common
then the total charge enclosed will be zero. means of data
► There is no external field, transmission over
short distances.
DS = 0
 Example
A 50-cm length of coaxial cable has an inner radius of 1 mm
and an outer radius of 4 mm. The space between conductors is
assumed to be filled with air. The total charge on the inner
conductor is 30 nC. Find the charge density on each conductor
and the expressions for E and D fields.
Qinner cyl = 2p aL r S ,inner cyl Qouter cyl = 2p bL r S ,outer cyl = -Qinner cyl
Qinner cyl -Qinner cyl
� r S ,inner cyl = � r S ,outer cyl =
2p aL 2p bL
30 �10 -9 -30 �10-9
= =
2p (10-3 )(0.5) 2p (4 �10-3 )(0.5)
= 9.55 m C m 2 = -2.39 m C m 2

r S ,inner cyl Dr
Dr = a Er =
r e0
-3 (9.55 � 10-6 ) 9.55 �10-9
= 10 =
r 8.854 �10-12 r
9.55 1079
= nC m 2
= V m
r r
Tugas Individu
(dikumpul 20 Februari 2018 – 17.00 WIB)
Book:
Willam H. Hayt, Jr., John A. Buck, Engineering
Electromagnetics, 8th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2012
Chapter 3
D3.1.
D3.2.
D3.3.
D3.4.
D3.5.

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ELS2201: Electromagnetics

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI DEL

Electric Flux Density

Electric Flux Density

Electric Flux Density

 Where ψ is the electric flux, measured in coulombs, and Q is

Electric Flux Density

 The new quantity, electric flux density, is measured in C/m2 and

Electric Flux Density

 If we make the inner sphere smaller and smaller, it becomes a

Electric Flux Density

 Therefore, in free space, the following relation applies:

 For a general volume charge distribution in free space:

Electric Flux Density

rL rL 8 �10-9 1.273 �10-9

For the value ρ = 3 m,

Electric Flux Density

 Faraday’s experiment can be generalized to the following

 If the total charge is Q, the Q coulombs of electric flux will pass

Dψ = flux crossing DS = DS cos q �

ψ=� dS = charge enclosed = Q

 Illustration. Let a point charge Q be

 For point charge ► The surface of a sphere.

Application of Gauss’s Law: Some Symmetrical Charge Distributions

 The total charge on a length L of the inner conductor is:

Application of Gauss’s Law: Some Symmetrical Charge Distributions

 Everly line of electrix flux starting from the inner cylinder

Qouter cyl = -2p aL r S ,inner cyl

Application of Gauss’s Law: Some Symmetrical Charge Distributions

Application of Gauss’s Law: Some Symmetrical Charge Distributions

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