Governing System of Gas Turbine
Governing System of Gas Turbine
Governing System of Gas Turbine
N R
% of frequency change ( % of RPM change) will lead
to full travel of Governing valves or full load change.
5% droop means: 5%*50 Hz= 2.5 Hz
Will change 500MW. In terms of output total change
should take place is 100%
Droop of KWU Machine
output
+100%
-100%
THE EFFECT OF REGULATION
This regulation permits a machine to share load with other machines in a stable
manner. Generally the droop of a turbine used for electric power generation
varies between 4-7%.
Typical governor frequency regulation characteristics is shown here as
USE OF VARIABLE DROOP SETTINGS FOR CLOSED LOOP LOAD CONTROL
Closed loop control of turbine electrical load by use of proportional and integral load
controllers is added to the basic governing system to facilitate the provision of variable
droop settings. The frequency range over which the load loop is operative is limited so that
even when the load loop droop is set to high or infinite values the unit response any large
frequency errors in a manner matched to the characteristics of the normal droop of the
basic speed governor.
Governing Of Large Reheat Machines
• On reheat machines it is necessary to control not only the hp
valves but also the interceptor (IP) valves because on a full
load rejection the stored steam in the reheater and the
associated pipe lines could be sufficient to overspeed the
machine to destruction. The characterstics of the IP valves are
such that they usually remain fully open over the normal low
range of the machine and the governing action is achieved by
throttling of the HP valves. This operating regime is known as
HP governing & is achieved by giving a fixed bias to the IP
valves.
NOZZLE GOVERNOR
THROTTLE GOVERNOR
BYPASS GOVERNOR
THROTTLE GOVERNING
We know that as the load decreases, shaft speed
increases, the stop valve is partially closed to admit less
steam to the turbine & to produce less power according
to the demand. Due to restriction of passage in the valve,
steam is throttled. The specific ideal output of turbine
thus also reduces. With further closer of the valve,
throttle pressure will still be less to produce a still lower
output. The throttle & stop valves are located in the
steam supply line to the turbine. The stop valve is a
hydraulically operated quick opening & shutting valve
designed to be either fully open or shut. For a small
turbines the stop valve may be manually operated. The
throttle valve is used to regulate steam flow during
Throttle governing
In throttle governing the pressure of steam is reduced at
the turbine entry thereby decreasing the availability of
energy.
In this method steam is allowed to pass through a
restricted passage thereby reducing its pressure across the
governing valve.[
The flow rate is controlled using a partially opened steam
control valve. The reduction in pressure leads to a
throttling process in which the enthalpy of steam remains
constant,
Low initial cost and simple mechanism makes throttle
governing the most apt method for small steam turbines.
The valve is actuated by using a centrifugal governor which
consists of flying balls attached to the arm of the sleeve,
hydraulic governor, electro hydraulic governor.
THROTTLE GOVERNING
THROTTLE GOVERNING: LOAD IS GOVERNED BY MUDULATING THE OPENING
OF CONTROL VALVE. IF PERCENTAGE OPENING OF CONTROL VALVE IS
CHANGED THEN 1) AVAILABLE HEAT DROP CHANGES, 2) QUANATITY OF
STEAM FLOW CHANGES. BY THESE MECHANISMS LOAD CHANGES
THROTTLE GOVERNING
THROTTLE GOVERNING
THROTTLE GOVERNING
Nozzle governing
In nozzle governing the flow rate of steam is regulated by
opening and shutting of sets of nozzles rather than
regulating its pressure.
In this method groups of two, three or more nozzles form a
set and each set is controlled by a separate valve.
The actuation of individual valve closes the corresponding
set of nozzle thereby controlling the flow rate.
In actual turbine, nozzle governing is applied only to the
first stage whereas the subsequent stages remain
unaffected. Since no regulation to the pressure is applied.
NOZZLE GOVERNING
In the nozzle control governing, the nozzles
of the turbines are grouped in two, three or
more groups & each group of nozzles is fed
with steam controlled by valves. For low
loads instead of using throttle governing, we
use nozzle governing
To increase the turbine efficiency. With the
decrease of load, the required no of nozzles
may be shut off.
NOZZLE GOVERNING: Figure shows the mechanism of nozzle
governing applied to steam turbines. As shown in the figure the
three sets of nozzles are controlled by means of three separate
valves.
NOZZLE GOVERNING
NOZZLE GOVERNING: ONE SET OF NOZZLE BOX IS FULL OPEN AND
THROTTLES FROM 1 TO 2 (LESS THROTTLING LOSS). ANOTHER SET
OF NOZZLE IS PARITIALLY OPEN TO MAINTAIN THE LOAD AND
THROTTLES TO 4 (HIGH THROTTLE LOSS). STEAM FROM THE EXIT
OF TWO NOZZLE BOX MIX AND FINAL CONDITION IS 6.
BYPASS GOVERNOR
PRINCIPLE OF BY PASS GOVERNING IS TO BYPASS
SOME EXTRA STEAM TO THE FAR DOWN
STREAMS STAGES WHEN THE LOAD IS MORE
THAN ECONOMIC LOAD.
OWING TO SMALL HEAT DROP IN THE FIRST
STAGE OF HIGH PRESSURE TURBINE, IT IS NOT
ADVISABLE TO EMPLOY NOZZLE CONTROL
GOVERNING.
By Pass Governing
PRINCIPLE OF BY PASS GOVERNING IS TO BYPASS
SOME EXTRA STEAM TO THE FAR DOWN
STREAMS STAGES WHEN THE LOAD IS MORE
THAN ECONOMIC LOAD.
OCCASIONALLY THE TURBINE IS OVERLOADED
FOR SHORT DURATIONS.
DURING SUCH OPERATION, BYPASS VALVES ARE
OPENED AND FRESH STEAM IS INTRODUCED
INTO THE LATER STAGES OF THE TURBINE.
THIS GENERATES MORE ENERGY TO SATISFY THE
INCREASED LOAD.
THE SCHEMATIC OF BYPASS GOVERNING IS AS
SHOWN IN FIGURE.
d
A
By Pass Governing
The total amount of steam entering the turbine passes
through the valve A which is under the control of
speed governor.
B is a nozzle box or steam chest .
For all loads greater than the economic load , a by pass
valve c is opened, allowing steam to pass from the first
stage nozzle box in to the steam belt D and so in to the
nozzle of downstream stage.
The valve c is designed such that it is not opened until
the lift of the valve a diminishes.
The by pass valve c remains under control of a speed
governor for all loads within its range.
COMPARISON BETWEEN THROTTLE AND NOZZLE
GOVERNING
S.NO THROTTLE GOVERNING NOZZLE GOVERNING
1. SEVERE THROTTLING LOSS NO THROTTLING LOSS ( ACTUALLY
THERE IS SLIGHT THROTTLING
LOSSES IN NOZZLE VALVES WHICH
ARE PARTIALLY OPEN)
START- UP OIL:
This oil is coloured ‘Blackish Red’ on the governing rack.
The oil emerges from starting and load limiting device and
links the solenoid valve s putting up the main & reheat stop
valve with the same oil. Its main function is to prepare the
stop valves for opening before start up. It is supplied from
control oil to the starting and load limiting device pilot
valve.
TYPES OF OIL AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN
GOVERNING SYSTEM
AUXILIARY START-UP OIL:
The identification of this oil is done by ‘White-Violet’ lines.
The oil emanates from the pilot valve of starting and load
limiting device. It is supplied to the main trip valves
through solenoid valves. It also carries signal for resetting
protective devices. Its function is to reset main trip valve
and protective devices in normal operating position. By
resetting the main trip valve it rebuilds the collapsed trip
oil pressure, which is responsible for opening the stop valve
at the start up. At the same time it resets the activated
protective devices.
TYPES OF OIL AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN
GOVERNING SYSTEM
OVERSPEED TRIP TEST OIL:
This oil is coloured ‘Red and Pink’ on the governor control
rack. It carries signal from the over-speed trip test device to
over-speed trip device when testing of device is intended. It
is supplied from the pilot valve of the over-speed test
device from a control oil line connected to the valve.
Speed Controller
The Speed Controller is used for starting the
turbine upto synchronisation & block
loading . it can also operate over the full
load range during an emergency such as
turbine tripping from full load to no load ,
house load operation or during rapid or
severe frequency fluctuations . the speed
controller is always kept in readiness for
operation even when it is not directly
controlling the turbine by tracking the
signal in service
Speed Controller Loop
The turbine is sensed by digital speed pick up (hall probe) mounted on
the shaft in the Front Bearing pedestal & fed to the speed controller as
the actual speed signal (N.act.) .The speed reference, signal (NR) is
formed as a constant voltage from a contactless potentiometer which can
be adjusted automatically by motor (eg. during ATRS operation, auto
synchronisation etc.) or manually from the control room (by operating a
push button console on turbine panel) . The reference value is indicated
on two instruments one with range 0-3500 r.p.m and the other with
2800-3300 r.p.m (for finer adjustments) .The in- coming speed
reference signal is fed into high gain D.C. voltage amplifier .The turbine
condition is reflected by T.S.E signal is introduced in the loop at this
point .The signal then passes into the integrator which generates the
LIMITED SPEED REFERENCE (NR,LIM). NR,LIM is transmitted to the
speed controller module where it is compared with actual speed (N act.)
to generate the final out put signal of the speed controller.
Load Controller
The load controller is used for controlling turbine
output during on-load operation .For selecting the load
controller, a push button module LOAD CONTR.
ON/OFF is provided . The load controller must be
switched ‘ON’ if it has to come to action . For final load
control several factors like the Load Reference PR ,Load
limiter set point PR MAX ,TSE influence ,frequency
influence are considered & a final reference EPR is
developed. An indication ‘LOAD CONTR ACT’ is
provided on the Turbine Control Desk. When this lamp
glows it shows that the Load Controller is in service.
Load Control Loop
The load is measured with a load measuring unit comprising two
mutually independant systems. The unit is connected to the generator
voltage transformer & to the generator current transformer.
The LOAD REFERENCE (PR) is set from a reference setter module on
turbine panel in the control room. The rate of change of this reference
value (PR) is conditioned by the TSE influence &the load gradient set in
sub-assembly “LOAD REFERENCE LIMITER”.
In order to protect the turbine generator set from overload or to limit any
desired value ,turbine controller contains a limiter for maximum load .
This MAXIMUM LOAD REFERENCE value (PR MAX) limits the sum of all
the reference values acting on the load controller to the set level.
The required dependence of load on frequency is obtained by means of an
additional load reference value PR df. This is known as the FREQUENCY
INFLUENCE.
In the load control loop, the limited load signal & the frequency
influence are added & the sum compared with PR MAX in a minimum
selector &the resultant is fed to a control frequency controller block.
Pressure Controller
A pressure dependant load reference value PR df is formed
by a proportional action pressure controller . it readjusts
the turbine load reference depending upon the initial
steam pressure deviation dp & prevents too large a pressure
drop when the turbine demand exceeds the boiler load .
The pressure controller normally operates in a LIMIT
PRESSURE MODE .When the pressure deviation dp is less
than 10 kg/cm2.when the pressure falls beyond that the
limit pressure is reached & the pressure controller
automatically goes to INITIAL PRESSURE MODE. This
blocks any further load in the load reference limiter & the
indication ‘Limit Pressure Reached’ appears.
Valve Position Control
The output from speed controller &the load
controller are compared in a max-min selector
& the output from this is again compared with
the pressure controller output in a minimum
selector .The output from this is fed to the valve
position controller. Therefore, the signals from
the speed controller , load controller &
pressure controller are super- imposed &
selected to give an input for valve position
controller.
ADVANTAGES OF EHC
• i) Increases the life of turboset by conservative
operation with the aid of TSE
• ii) Reliable operation of isolated power grid by
Automatic Switchover of the load controller to
frequency control.
• iii) Precise maintenance of the rated frequency of
the power grid by means of an exact frequency load
curve.
• iv) Low speed deviation under all operational
conditions.
• v) Support of the pressure control system
Parallel Systems
Modern day turbines are equipped with two parallel
governing systems a) Hydraulic
(b) Electro Hydraulic – Both independent of each other.
Although only one of them comes into control action at
any given point of time, the other governor acts as a
backup and its output is in the ready- to- takeover
mode(tracking mode).
CHANGEOVER FROM HYDRAULIC (HC) TO ELECTRO-
HYDRAULIC (EHC) CONTROL
PI controller EHC
HP sec. oil
Plunger
Admission Coil
controller IP sec oil
AND
PLUNGER COIL
EHC>1
ON/OFF PB
00%
CONTROL TRANSFER LOGIC & ADMISSION CONT
ACTUALPR –SET
THROTTLE PR.
MIN
SUMMER
PI CONTR
COLLINS
10 KSC EHC
PI
MIN CONT. CONV
INITIAL PR. MODE
LOAD CONT
MAX MIN
SPEED CONT
100% -0-+100%
PROTECTION DEVICES
- FUNCTIONING OF REMOTE TRIP SOLENOID
- FUNCTIONING OF OVERSPEED TRIP FLYBOLTS
- FUNCTIONING OF HYDRUALIC LOW VACUUM TRIP
- FUNCTIONING OF THRUST BEARING TRIP
ATT FOR PROTECTION DEVICES IS CONDUCTED AT FULL LOAD CONDITION WHEREAS FOR
TURBINE STOP & CONTROL VALVE IT IS CONDUCTED AT PART LOAD CONDITION
CHANGEOVER VALVE
FOR AUTOMATIC
TESTING DEVICE
THRUST BEARING TRIP DEVICE
HYDRAULIC TEST SIGNAL
TRANSMITTER FOR OVERSPEED
TRIPS
MAIN TRIP VALVE
REMOTE TRIP SOLENOID VALVE
1
II
RESET SOLENOID
SOLENOID VALVES FOR ATT OF VALVES
STOP VALVES AND CONTROL VALVES
TEST VALVE STOP VALVE SPRING ASSEMBLY
CONTROL VALVE
THANK YOU